标签： Reactive dyes

lumiprobe -AF647 carboxylic acid,Reactive dyes,Carboxylic acids

lumiprobe,AF647 carboxylic acid,Reactive dyes,Carboxylic acids, good in DMSO, DMF, water,Storage: 12 months after receival at -20°C in the dark. Transportation: at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. Avoid prolonged exposure to light.

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  • Reactive dyes
  • Carboxylic acids
  • AF647 carboxylic acid

AF647 carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acids
Cat. # Quantity Price Lead time
16890 1 mg 110.00$ 21 days
26890 5 mg 340.00$ 21 days
46890 25 mg 1100.00$ 21 days
56890 50 mg 1890.00$ 21 days
66890 100 mg 2990.00$ 21 days

General properties

Appearance: golden blue solid
Molecular weight: 959.26
Molecular formula: C35H41N2K3O14S4
IUPAC name: 3-(4-carboxybutyl)-2-((1E,3E)-5-((E)-3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfonato-1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)indolin-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-3-methyl-1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-3H-indol-1-ium-5-sulfonate
Solubility: good in DMSO, DMF, water
Quality control: NMR 1H, HPLC-MS (95%)
Storage conditions: Storage: 12 months after receival at -20°C in the dark. Transportation: at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. Avoid prolonged exposure to light.
MSDS: Download
Product specifications

Spectral properties

ε, L⋅mol−1⋅cm−1: 191800
Fluorescence quantum yield: 0.15

AF647 carboxylic acid

sulfo-Cyanine7.5 dimethyl

sulfo-Cyanine7.5 dimethyl,Sulfo-Cy7.5 二甲基是一种非官能化的水溶性花青染料，具有明亮的近红外荧光。 该染料具有极高的摩尔吸收系数，使其成为技术应用中有用的近红外标记。

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  • Miscellaneous dyes
  • sulfo-Cyanine7.5 dimethyl

sulfo-Cyanine7.5 dimethyl

标签：sulfo-Cy7.5, Non-functionalized dyes,Reactive dyes,Reactive dyesMiscellaneous dyes
货号 规格 价格 货期
1243-25mg 25 mg – 5 days
1243-100mg 100 mg 500.00$ in stock
1243-500mg 500 mg 1400.00$ in stock
1243-1g 1 g please inquire in stock
1243-5g 5 g please inquire 5 days

Sulfo-Cyanine7.5 dimethyl is a non-functionalized, water soluble cyanine dye with bright near infrared fluorescence. The dye possesses extremely high molar absorption coefficient which makes it a useful near infrared label for technical applications.

Sulfo-Cy7.5 二甲基是一种非官能化的水溶性花青染料，具有明亮的近红外荧光。 该染料具有极高的摩尔吸收系数，使其成为技术应用中有用的近红外标记。

Absorption and emission spectra of sulfo-Cyanine7.5

sulfo-Cyanine7.5 dimethyl

General properties

Appearance: green powder 绿色粉末
Molecular weight: 983.28
Solubility: good in water, DMF, DMSO, low in most organic solvents
Quality control: NMR 1H, HPLC-MS (95%)
Storage conditions: Storage: 24 months after receival at -20°C in the dark. Transportation: at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. Avoid prolonged exposure to light. Desiccate.

储存：收到后 24 个月，在 -20°C 避光保存。 运输：在室温下长达 3 周。 避免长时间暴露在光线下。 干燥。
MSDS: Download
Product specifications

Spectral properties

Excitation/absorption maximum, nm: 778
ε, L⋅mol−1⋅cm−1: 222000
Emission maximum, nm: 797
Fluorescence quantum yield: 0.21
CF260: 0.09
CF280: 0.09

AF488 carboxylic acid

AF488 carboxylic acid,AF488 是一种亮绿色荧光染料，因其光稳定性而常用于显微镜检查和细胞分析。 AF488 可与 DAPI 一起使用，非常适合多重检测。这种高量子产率染料在 4 到 10 的 pH 值范围内具有荧光稳定性。

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  • AF488 carboxylic acid

AF488 carboxylic acid

货号 规格 价格 货期
11890 1 mg 110.00$ in stock
21890 5 mg 290.00$ in stock
41890 25 mg 690.00$ in stock
51890 50 mg 1270.00$ in stock
61890 100 mg please inquire 21 days

AF488 is a bright green-fluorescent dye that is commonly used in microscopy and cell assays because of its photostability. AF488 can be used with DAPI and is well suited to multiplex assay. This high quantum yield dye has fluorescence stability within the pH range from 4 to 10.

AF488 carboxylic acid is a non-reactive AF488 form that can be used as a reference standard in experiments where AF488 conjugates are used. The carboxylic acid can be also used for the synthesis of activated esters [such as sulfo-NHS, TFP (2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenol) and STP (4-sulfo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenol)] or modified with hydrazines, hydroxylamines, or amines in aqueous solutions using water-soluble carbodiimides. Thus, this derivative can be conjugated to molecules that contain amino groups, such as proteins, antibodies, and peptides. Therefore, AF488 carboxylic acid is used during solid-phase peptide synthesis for peptide modification in situ in the presence of activating agents such as HATU.

AF488 是一种亮绿色荧光染料，因其光稳定性而常用于显微镜检查和细胞分析。 AF488 可与 DAPI 一起使用，非常适合多重检测。这种高量子产率染料在 4 到 10 的 pH 值范围内具有荧光稳定性。

AF488 羧酸是一种非反应性 AF488 形式，可在使用 AF488 偶联物的实验中用作参考标准。该羧酸还可用于合成活性酯 [例如磺基-NHS、TFP (2,3,5,6-四氟苯酚) 和 STP (4-磺基-2,3,5,6-四氟苯酚)]或使用水溶性碳二亚胺在水溶液中用肼、羟胺或胺改性。因此，这种衍生物可以与含有氨基的分子结合，例如蛋白质、抗体和肽。因此，AF488 羧酸用于固相肽合成过程中，在 HATU 等活化剂存在的情况下进行原位肽修饰。

AF488 carboxylic acid相关产品

AF568 carboxylic acid

Non-reactive form of AF568 fluorescent dye

AF568 荧光染料的非反应性形式

AF488 carboxylic acid Add this product to your cart and
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AF488 NHS ester

AF488 NHS ester, a bright, photostable and hydrophilic fluorescent dye for green channel.

AF488 NHS 酯，一种用于绿色通道的明亮、光稳定性和亲水性荧光染料。

General properties

Appearance: orange crystals  橙色晶体
Molecular weight: 648.74
Molecular formula: C21H11N2K3O11S2
IUPAC name: 4-(6-amino-3-iminio-4,5-disulfonato-3H-xanthen-9-yl)isophthalate
Solubility: good in DMSO, DMF
Quality control: NMR 1H, HPLC-MS (95%)
Storage conditions: Storage: 12 months after receival at -20°C in the dark. Transportation: at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. Avoid prolonged exposure to light.

储存：收到后 12 个月，在 -20°C 避光保存。 运输：在室温下长达 3 周。 避免长时间暴露在光线下。
MSDS: Download
Product specifications

Spectral properties

Excitation/absorption maximum, nm: 495
ε, L⋅mol−1⋅cm−1: 71800
Emission maximum, nm: 519
Fluorescence quantum yield: 0.91
CF260: 0.16
CF280: 0.10

BDP R6G hydrazide

BDP R6G hydrazide,BDP R6G 是一种硼二吡咯亚甲基染料，其吸收和发射光谱类似于 R6G（罗丹明 6G）。 这种酰肼是一种羰基反应性化合物，可用于标记醛、酮和大多数碳水化合物（用高碘酸盐氧化）。

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  • Reactive dyes
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  • BDP R6G hydrazide

BDP R6G hydrazide

标签：Hydrazides, BDP R6G,Reactive dyes,Dye hydrazides
货号 规格 价格 货期
14470 1 mg 110.00$ in stock
24470 5 mg 210.00$ in stock
44470 25 mg 410.00$ in stock
54470 50 mg 695.00$ in stock
64470 100 mg 1190.00$ in stock

BDP R6G is a borondipyrromethene dye whose absorption and emission spectra resemble those of R6G (rhodamine 6G). This hydrazide is a carbonyl-reactive compound that is useful for the labeling of aldehydes, ketones, and most carbohydrates (oxidized with periodate).

BDP R6G 是一种硼二吡咯亚甲基染料，其吸收和发射光谱类似于 R6G（罗丹明 6G）。 这种酰肼是一种羰基反应性化合物，可用于标记醛、酮和大多数碳水化合物（用高碘酸盐氧化）。

Absorption and emission spectra of BDP R6G

BDP R6G hydrazide

BDP R6G hydrazide相关产品

BDP R6G tetrazine

BDP R6G tetrazine is a borondipyrromethene dye with absorption and emission wavelengths similar to rhodamine 6G. It contains tetrazine fragment for iedDA ligation.

BDP R6G 四嗪是一种硼二吡咯亚甲基染料，其吸收和发射波长与罗丹明 6G 相似。 它包含用于 iedDA 连接的四嗪片段。

BDP R6G maleimide

BDP R6G is a borondipyrromethene dye tuned to R6G (rhodamine 6G) channel. This is a thiol reactive maleimide for the labeling of protein cysteine residues, and other thiols.

BDP R6G 是一种调谐到 R6G（罗丹明 6G）通道的硼二吡咯亚甲基染料。 这是一种硫醇反应性马来酰亚胺，用于标记蛋白质半胱氨酸残基和其他硫醇。

BDP R6G NHS ester

BDP R6G is a borondipyrromethene dye which has absorption and emission spectra similar to R6G.

BDP R6G 是一种硼二吡咯亚甲基染料，其吸收和发射光谱与 R6G 相似。

General properties

Appearance: brown powder 棕色粉末
Mass spec M+ increment: 336.1
Molecular weight: 390.62
Molecular formula: C18H18N4BClF2O
Solubility: good in DMF, DMSO
Quality control: NMR 1H, HPLC-MS (95%)
Storage conditions: Storage: 24 months after receival at -20°C in the dark. Transportation: at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. Avoid prolonged exposure to light. Desiccate.

储存：收到后 24 个月，在 -20°C 避光保存。 运输：在室温下长达 3 周。 避免长时间暴露在光线下。 干燥。
MSDS: Download
Product specifications

Spectral properties

Excitation/absorption maximum, nm: 530
Emission maximum, nm: 548
Fluorescence quantum yield: 0.96
CF260: 0.17
CF280: 0.18

lumiprobe -Cyanine5.5 NHS ester

Cyanine5.5 NHS ester，Cyanine5.5 NHS 酯是一种活性染料，用于标记肽、蛋白质和寡核苷酸中的氨基，是 Cy5.5® NHS 酯的类似物。

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  • Reactive dyes
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  • Cyanine5.5 NHS ester

Cyanine5.5 NHS ester

标签：Cyanine5.5 NHS esters Microscopy Protein labeling
货号 规格 价格 货期
17020 1 mg 110.00$ in stock
27020 5 mg 210.00$ in stock
47020 25 mg 410.00$ in stock
57020 50 mg 695.00$ in stock
67020 100 mg 1190.00$ in stock

Cyanine5.5 NHS ester is a reactive dye for the labeling of amino-groups in peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides, an analog of Cy5.5® NHS ester.

Cy5.5 is a far-red (and near-infrared) emitting dye which is ideal for fluorescence measurements where background fluorescence is a concern. It is also suitable for in vivo NIR imaging experiments.

This reagent can replace NHS esters of Cy5.5® and DyLight 680.
Cyanine5.5 NHS 酯是一种活性染料，用于标记肽、蛋白质和寡核苷酸中的氨基，是 Cy5.5® NHS 酯的类似物。

Cy5.5 是一种远红（和近红外）发射染料，非常适合需要考虑背景荧光的荧光测量。 它也适用于体内近红外成像实验。

该试剂可替代 Cy5.5® 和 DyLight 680 的 NHS 酯。

Cyanine5.5 NHS ester Cyanine5.5 NHS ester Cyanine5.5 NHS ester

Cy5.5 absorbance and emission spectra

Cyanine5.5 NHS ester

Cyanine5.5 NHS ester相关产品

Alkyne-PEG3-COOH

Bifunctional linker with terminal alkyne function, and carboxylic acid moiety, CAS# 1415800-32-6.
具有末端炔烃功能和羧酸部分的双功能接头，CAS# 1415800-32-6。

Cyanine7 DBCO

NIR fluorescent dye functionalized with cyclooctyne moiety for copper free Click chemistry conjugation with azides.
用环辛炔部分功能化的 NIR 荧光染料，用于与叠氮化物的无铜点击化学缀合。

Cyanine3 hydrazide

Cyanine3 hydrazide is a carbonyl-reactive dye for Cy3 channel.
Cyanine3 hydrazide 是 Cy3 通道的羰基反应性染料。

General properties

Appearance: dark blue solid
Molecular weight: 767.66
CAS number: 2375105-86-3
Molecular formula: C44H46N3BF4O4
IUPAC name: 1H-​Benz[e]​indolium, 2-​[5-​(1,​3-​dihydro-​1,​1,​3-​trimethyl-​2H-​benz[e]​indol-​2-​ylidene)​-​1,​3-​pentadien-​1-​yl]​-​3-​[6-​[(2,​5-​dioxo-​1-​pyrrolidinyl)​oxy]​-​6-​oxohexyl]​-​1,​1-​dimethyl-
Solubility: soluble in organic solvents (DMSO, DMF, dichloromethane), practically insoluble in water (< 1 uM, < 1 mg/L)
Quality control: NMR 1H, HPLC-MS (95%)
Storage conditions: Storage: 12 months after receival at -20°C in the dark. Transportation: at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. Avoid prolonged exposure to light. Desiccate.
MSDS: Download
Product specifications

Spectral properties

Excitation/absorption maximum, nm: 684
ε, L⋅mol−1⋅cm−1: 198000
Emission maximum, nm: 710
Fluorescence quantum yield: 0.2
CF260: 0.07
CF280: 0.03

  1. Zahid, M.; McCandless, K.; Mishra, S.; Stiltner, J.; Feldman, K.; Yagi, H.; Yurko, R.; Islam, K.; Brown, J.; Frizzell, R. Novel Lung Targeting Cell Penetrating Peptides as Vectors for Delivery of Therapeutics. Research Square, preprint. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1056707/v1
  2. Chung, I.J.; Moon, H.; Jeon, S.I.; Lee, H.J.; Ahn, C.-H. Ultrasound-triggered imaging and drug delivery using microbubble-self-aggregate complexes. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022, 33(1), 57–76. doi: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1976362
  3. Guo, H.; Liu, L.; Hu, Q.; Dou, H. Monodisperse ZIF-8@dextran nanoparticles co-loaded with hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional cargos for combined near-infrared fluorescence imaging and photothermal therapy. Acta Biomaterialia, 2022, 137, 290–304. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.006
  4. Stepanova, I.A.; Lebedeva, A.N.; Shik, A..V.; Skorobogatov, E.V.; Beklemishev, M.K. Recognition and Determination of Sulfonamides by Near-IR Fluorimetry Using Their Effect on the Rate of the Catalytic Oxidation of a Carbocyanine Dye by Hydrogen Peroxide. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2021, 76(12), 1399–1407. doi: 10.1134/S1061934821120121

Cyanine3 NHS ester

Cyanine3 NHS ester,Cyanine3 NHS 酯是一种活性染料，用于标记生物分子中的氨基，是 Cy3® NHS 酯的类似物。 该试剂非常适合标记可溶性蛋白质、肽和寡核苷酸/DNA。 对于精细蛋白质，请考虑使用不需要使用任何助溶剂的水溶性磺基-Cyanine3 NHS 酯。

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  • Reactive dyes
  • Dye NHS esters
  • Cyanine3 NHS ester

Cyanine3 NHS ester

标签：Cyanine3 NHS esters Microscopy Protein labeling
Cat. # Quantity Price Lead time
11020 1 mg 110.00$ in stock
21020 5 mg 210.00$ in stock
41020 25 mg 410.00$ in stock
51020 50 mg 695.00$ in stock
61020 100 mg 1190.00$ in stock

Cyanine3 NHS ester is a reactive dye for the labeling of amino-groups in biomolecules, an analog of Cy3® NHS ester. This reagent is ideal for the labeling of soluble proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides/DNA. For delicate proteins consider using water-soluble sulfo-Cyanine3 NHS ester which does not require use of any co-solvent.

Cyanine3 NHS ester is a replacement for NHS esters of Cy3® and DyLight 549.

Cyanine3 NHS 酯是一种活性染料，用于标记生物分子中的氨基，是 Cy3® NHS 酯的类似物。 该试剂非常适合标记可溶性蛋白质、肽和寡核苷酸/DNA。 对于精细蛋白质，请考虑使用不需要使用任何助溶剂的水溶性磺基-Cyanine3 NHS 酯。

Cyanine3 NHS 酯是 Cy3® 和 DyLight 549 的 NHS 酯的替代品。

Cyanine3 NHS ester Cyanine3 NHS ester Cyanine3 NHS ester Cyanine3 NHS ester

Absorption and emission spectra of Cyanine3 fluorophore

Cyanine3 NHS ester

Cyanine3 NHS ester相关产品

Cyanine5.5 azide

Far red / near infrared fluorescent Cyanine5.5 dye derivative for Click Chemistry.

用于 Click Chemistry 的远红/近红外荧光 Cyanine5.5 染料衍生物。

Sulfo-Cyanine5.5 carboxylic acid

Water soluble far red fluorescent dye sulfo-Cyanine5.5, free non-activated carboxylic acid. Useful for the calibration, and as a non-reactive control.

水溶性远红荧光染料sulfo-Cyanine5.5，游离非活化羧酸。 用于校准，并作为非反应控制。

Pyrene azide 2

Pyrene azide with longer linker, for Click Chemistry.

具有更长接头的芘叠氮化物，用于 Click Chemistry。

General properties

Appearance: red powder
Mass spec M+ increment: 474.2
Molecular weight: 641.5
CAS number: 2632339-91-2
Molecular formula: C34H40N3BF4O4
IUPAC name: 3H-​Indolium, 2-​[3-​(1,​3-​dihydro-​1,​3,​3-​trimethyl-​2H-​indol-​2-​ylidene)​-​1-​propen-​1-​yl]​-​1-​[6-​[(2,​5-​dioxo-​1-​pyrrolidinyl)​oxy]​-​6-​oxohexyl]​-​3,​3-​dimethyl-​, tetrafluoroborate
Solubility: poorly soluble in water (2.3 mM = 1.5 g/L), soluble in organic solvents (DMF, DMSO, dichloromethane)
Quality control: NMR 1H and HPLC-MS (95+%)
Storage conditions: Storage: 12 months after receival at -20°C in the dark. Transportation: at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. Avoid prolonged exposure to light. Desiccate.
MSDS: Download
Product specifications

Spectral properties

Excitation/absorption maximum, nm: 555
ε, L⋅mol−1⋅cm−1: 150000
Emission maximum, nm: 570
Fluorescence quantum yield: 0.31
CF260: 0.04
CF280: 0.09

相关文献：

  1. Wang, S.; Latallo, M.J.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, B.; Bobrovnikov, D.G.; Dong, D.; Livingston, N.M.; Tjoeng, W.; Hayes, L.R.; Rothstein, J.D.; Ostrow, L.W.; Wu, B.; Sun, S. Nuclear export and translation of circular repeat-containing intronic RNA in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1), 4908. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25082-9
  2. Chiou, A.E.; Hinckley, J.A.; Khaitan, R:; Varsano, N.; Wang, J.; Malarkey, H.F.; Hernandez, C.J.; Williams, R.M.; Estroff, L.A.; Weiner, S.; Addadi, L.; Wiesner, U.B.; Fischbach, C. Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles to Label Metastatic Tumor Cells in Mineralized Bone Microenvironments. Small, 2021, 17(15), 2001432. doi: 10.1002/smll.202001432
  3. Chudinov, A.V.; Vasiliskov, V.A.; Kuznetsova, V.E.; Lapa, S.A.; Kolganova, N.A.; Timofeev, E.N. Mononucleotide repeat expansions with non-natural polymerase substrates. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11, 2423. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82150-2
  4. Huo, S.; Zhao, P.; Shi, Z.; Zou, M.; Yang, X.; Warszawik, E.; Loznik, M.; Göstl, R.; Herrmann, A. Mechanochemical bond scission for the activation of drugs. Nature Chemistry, 2021, 13, 131–139. doi: 10.1038/s41557-020-00624-8

lumiprobe -Coumarin 343 X NHS ester

Coumarin 343 X NHS ester,蓝色发射香豆素 343 染料可与荧光素 (FAM) 形成 FRET 对。 胺反应形式，活化的 NHS 酯。

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  • Coumarin 343 X NHS ester

Coumarin 343 X NHS ester

标签：NHS esters Coumarin 343 Protein labeling
货号 规格 价格 货期
12620 1 mg 110.00$ 5 days
22620 5 mg 210.00$ in stock
42620 25 mg 410.00$ in stock
52620 50 mg 695.00$ in stock
62620 100 mg 1190.00$ in stock

Blue emitting Coumarin 343 dye can form a FRET pair with fluorescein (FAM). An amine reactive form, activated NHS ester.

This amine-reactive NHS ester contains an aminohexanoyl linker between the fluorophore, and the reactive group. This linker provides better solubility and spatial separation between the fluorophore, and the target molecule being labeled.

This reagent can be used to design FRET based assays with FAM as acceptor, and to construct systems which harvest blue light energy.

蓝色发射香豆素 343 染料可与荧光素 (FAM) 形成 FRET 对。 胺反应形式，活化的 NHS 酯。

这种胺反应性 NHS 酯在荧光团和反应性基团之间含有氨基己酰基接头。 这种接头在荧光团和被标记的目标分子之间提供了更好的溶解度和空间分离。

该试剂可用于设计以 FAM 为受体的基于 FRET 的分析，并构建收集蓝光能量的系统。

Coumarin 343 X NHS ester Coumarin 343 X NHS ester Coumarin 343 X NHS ester Coumarin 343 X NHS ester

Absorption and emission spectra of Coumarin 343

Coumarin 343 X NHS ester

Coumarin 343 X NHS ester相关产品

AF568 NHS ester

AF568 derivative for labeling proteins and other high- and low-molecular weight ligands with free amines.

AF568 衍生物，用于用游离胺标记蛋白质和其他高分子量和低分子量配体。

Sulfo-Cyanine3 tetrazine

Water soluble sulfo-Cyanine3 dye tetrazine derivative for TCO ligation labeling with trans-cyclooctenes.

水溶性磺基-Cyanine3 染料四嗪衍生物，用于用反式环辛烯进行 TCO 连接标记。

BDP 581/591 carboxylic acid

BDP 581/591 is a multi purpose fluorophore, that can also be used to probe reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is a carboxylic acid derivative with a free COOH group.

BDP 581/591 是一种多用途荧光团，也可用于探测活性氧 (ROS)。 这是一种带有游离 COOH 基团的羧酸衍生物。

General properties

Appearance: yellow solid
Molecular weight: 495.52
CAS number: 946123-12-2
Molecular formula: C26H29N3O7
Solubility: good in DCM, DMSO, DMF
Quality control: NMR 1H, HPLC-MS (95%)
Storage conditions: Storage: 12 months after receival at -20°C in the dark. Transportation: at room temperature for up to 3 weeks. Avoid prolonged exposure to light. Desiccate.
MSDS: Download
Product specifications

Spectral properties

Excitation/absorption maximum, nm: 437
ε, L⋅mol−1⋅cm−1: 39000
Emission maximum, nm: 477
Fluorescence quantum yield: 0.63
CF260: 0.29
CF280: 0.24

相关文献：

  1. Zheng, L.; Zhao, H.; Han, Y.; Qian, H.; Vukovic, L.; Mecinović, J.; Král, P.; Huck, W.T.S. Catalytic transport of molecular cargo using diffusive binding along a polymer track. Nature Chemistry, 2019, 11(4), 359–366. doi: 10.1038/s41557-018-0204-7