标签： Cosmo Bio抗体

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Decorin (DCN) mAb (Clone 889C7),CAC-PRPG-DC-M01

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Decorin (DCN) mAb (Clone 889C7),CAC-PRPG-DC-M01,Decorin在癌症、炎症和变性组织中上调，并在伤口愈合中起关键作用。在实验性啮齿动物脊髓损伤中注入装饰蛋白已被证明能抑制瘢痕形成和促进轴突生长。

Decorin是一种普遍存在的小型ECM蛋白聚糖，与biglycan结构密切相关，属于小型富亮氨酸蛋白聚糖(SLRP)亚家族。其核心蛋白常与细胞表面相关，通常携带单个硫酸软骨素或硫酸皮链。其完全糖基化/糖基化形式的分子质量从90-240 kDa不等，而其未糖基化/未糖基化的核心蛋白的Mr约为45 kDa。Decorin与多种ECM成分相互作用，包括纤维胶原蛋白、纤维连接蛋白、血栓反应蛋白和C1q，并在胶原纤维形成中发挥作用。Decorin在癌症、炎症和变性组织中上调，并在伤口愈合中起关键作用。在实验性啮齿动物脊髓损伤中注入装饰蛋白已被证明能抑制瘢痕形成和促进轴突生长。Decorin通过下调参与细胞生长和存活的几种受体的活性来影响各种类型的癌症。装饰蛋白结合并调节表皮生长因子受体和ErbB受体酪氨酸激酶家族的其他成员的信号。它通过双重机制发挥其抗肿瘤活性:通过抑制这些关键受体通过其物理下调加上其信号的衰减，并通过结合和隔离tgf – β。Decorin还调节胰岛素样生长因子受体和低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白-1，间接影响tgf – β受体通路。修饰蛋白基因缺失导致皮肤缺陷，表现为真皮层的III型胶原原纤维形状不规则。装饰蛋白基因突变可引起先天性角膜基质营养不良。

Application: ELISA, IHC(p), WB

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: Bovine, Human

Decorin is a ubiquitous small ECM proteoglycan that is closely related in structure to, biglycan, and which belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) subfamily. Its core protein may be found frequently associated with the cell surface and normally carries a single chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate chain. Its molecular mass in fully glycosylated/glycanated form varies from 90-240 kDa, while its unglycosylated/unglycanated core protein has a Mr of about 45 kDa. Decorin interacts with several ECM components, including fibrillar collagens, fibronectin, thrombospondin and C1q and plays a role in collagen fibrillogenesis. Decorin is upregulated in cancer, inflammed and degenerating tissues, and is critically involved in wound-healing. Infusion of decorin into experimental rodent spinal cord injuries has been shown to suppress scar formation and promote axon growth. Decorin affects various types of cancer by down-regulating the activity of several receptors involved in cell growth and survival. Decorin binds to and modulates the signaling of the epidermal growth factor receptor and other members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. It exerts its antitumor activity by a dual mechanism: via inhibition of these key receptors through their physical downregulation coupled with attenuation of their signaling, and by binding to and sequestering TGF-beta. Decorin also modulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1, which indirectly affects the TGF-beta receptor pathway. Gene deletion of decorin causes skin defects, manifested as irregularly shaped collagen type III fibrils of the dermis. Mutations in the decorin gene cause congenital stromal corneal dystrophy.

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-SK-T01-001

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-SK-T01-001,PACE4是控制细胞分化和形态发生的加工蛋白酶家族的成员。

PACE4是控制细胞分化和形态发生的加工蛋白酶家族的成员。日本德岛大学Akihiko Tsujij教授的研究小组已经阐明了它的结构和功能。PACE4被认为在器官发生等发育和分化过程中起着特别重要的作用。近年来，有研究认为它参与了癌症转移和基质金属蛋白酶的激活。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 6 (PACE4) – HomoB domain pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-SK-T01-001

Application: WB, IHC, IP

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Human

PACE4 is a member of the processing protease family that controls cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Its structure and function have been elucidated by Professor Akihiko Tsujij’s research group at Tokushima University. PACE4 is believed to play a particularly important role in development and differentiation processes such as organogenesis. In recent years, it has been suggested that it is involved in cancer metastasis and activation of matrix metalloproteinases.

 

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Laminin Alpha-4 mAb (Clone 652C4),CAC-PRPG-LA4-M01

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Laminin Alpha-4 mAb (Clone 652C4),CAC-PRPG-LA4-M01,层合蛋白是由三条不相同的链组成的异源三聚体，采用十字形结构，有三条短臂，每条短臂由一条不同的链组成，长臂由所有三条链组成。

层蛋白是细胞外基质糖蛋白的一个家族，是基膜的主要非胶原成分。它们涉及多种生物过程，包括细胞粘附、分化、迁移、信号转导、神经突生长和转移。层合蛋白是由三条不相同的链组成的异源三聚体，采用十字形结构，有三条短臂，每条短臂由一条不同的链组成，长臂由所有三条链组成。每个层粘连蛋白链都是由一个不同的基因编码的多结构域蛋白质，在某些情况下，通过选择性剪接产生单独的链变体。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Laminin Alpha-4 mAb (Clone 652C4),CAC-PRPG-LA4-M01

Application: IP, IHC(f), IHC(p)

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: Human

Laminins, a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, are the major noncollagenous constituents of basement membranes. They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, signaling, neurite outgrowth and metastasis. Laminins are heterotrimers composed of 3 non-identical chains that adopt a cruciform structure with 3 short arms, each formed by a different chain, and a long arm composed of all 3 chains. Each laminin chain is a multidomain protein encoded by a distinct gene and in some cases undergoes alternative splicing to give rise to separate chain variants.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Probable ATP-Dependent RNA Helicase DDX58 (RIG-I/RLR-1) mAb (Clone SS1A),CAC-SU-IZ-M02

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Probable ATP-Dependent RNA Helicase DDX58 (RIG-I/RLR-1) mAb (Clone SS1A),CAC-SU-IZ-M02,RIG-I样受体(RLRs)是DExD/H盒RNA解旋酶家族，在病毒RNA中作为病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)的细胞质传感器(Onoguchi, Yoneyama et al. 2011)进行了综述。

RIG-I样受体(RLRs)是DExD/H盒RNA解旋酶家族，在病毒RNA中作为病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)的细胞质传感器(Onoguchi, Yoneyama et al. 2011)进行了综述。RLRs信号下游转录因子激活驱动1型干扰素(IFN)生产和抗病毒基因表达，引发细胞内免疫反应以控制病毒感染。迄今为止，已经确定了三个RLR成员:RIG-I(维甲酸诱导基因I) -该家族的创始成员，因此是该家族的最佳特征，MDA5(黑色素瘤分化相关因子5)，和LGP2(遗传和生理学实验室2，小鼠D11lgp2的同源物)。抗RIG-I抗体是由小鼠RIG-I c端16个氨基酸肽免疫获得的大鼠单克隆抗体。该抗体可用于小鼠RIG-I免疫印迹检测。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Probable ATP-Dependent RNA Helicase DDX58 (RIG-I/RLR-1) mAb (Clone SS1A),CAC-SU-IZ-M02

Application: WB

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Rat

Purification: IgG

Reactivity: Mouse

RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) are a family of DExD/H box RNA helicases that function as cytoplasmic sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within viral RNA (reviewed in (Onoguchi, Yoneyama et al. 2011)). The RLRs signal downstream transcription factor activation to drive type 1 interferon (IFN) production and antiviral gene expression that elicits an intracellular immune response to control virus infection. To date, three RLR members have been identified: RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) – the founding member and therefore best characterized of this family, MDA5 (melanoma differentiation associated factor 5), and LGP2 (laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 and a homolog of mouse D11lgp2). Anti-RIG-I antibody is a rat monoclonal antibody obtained from immunization with a 16 amino acid peptide from the C-terminus of mouse RIG-I. This antibody can be used for the detection of mouse RIG-I by immunoblotting.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Chondromodulin-I (ChM-I) mAb (Clone bCHM-6),CAC-TCS-006

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Chondromodulin-I (ChM-I) mAb (Clone bCHM-6),CAC-TCS-006,有些可以抑制蛋白质的特定功能或破坏蛋白质之间的相互作用。

在分子生物学和药理学领域，小分子是一种低分子量(< 900道尔顿)的有机化合物，可以调节生物过程，大小约为1nm。大多数药物都是小分子的。较大的结构，如核酸和蛋白质，以及许多多糖不是小分子，尽管它们的组成单体(分别为核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸、氨基酸和单糖)通常被认为是小分子。小分子可以作为探索生物功能的研究工具，也可以作为开发新型治疗剂的先导。有些可以抑制蛋白质的特定功能或破坏蛋白质之间的相互作用。

药理学通常将“小分子”一词限制为与特定生物大分子结合并作为效应剂，改变靶标活性或功能的分子。小分子可以有各种各样的生物学功能或应用，作为细胞信号分子，药物在医学，农药在农业，以及在许多其他角色。这些化合物可以是天然的(如次级代谢产物)或人工的(如抗病毒药物);它们可能对疾病有有益的作用(如药物)，也可能有害(如致畸物和致癌物)。

Forskolin是从Coleus forskohlii中分离出来的萜烯，是一种腺苷酸环化酶激活剂。

Application: WB, IP, IHC

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Purified – Affinity

Reactivity: Bovine, Mouse, Rat, Human

Lect1 encodes a glycosylated transmembrane protein that is cleaved to form a mature, secreted protein. The N-terminus of the precursor protein shares characteristics with other surfactant proteins and is sometimes called chondrosurfactant protein, although no biological activity has yet been defined for it. The C-terminus of the precursor protein contains a 25 kDa mature protein called leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-1 or chondromodulin-1. The mature protein promotes chondrocyte growth and inhibits angiogenesis. This gene is expressed in the avascular zone of prehypertrophic cartilage, and its expression decreases during chondrocyte hypertrophy and vascular invasion. The mature protein likely plays a role in endochondral bone development by permitting cartilaginous anlagen to be vascularized and replaced by bone. It may also be involved in the broad control of tissue vascularization during development. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Forskolin mAb (Clone 1A9),CAC-KYU-HT-M006

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Forskolin mAb (Clone 1A9),CAC-KYU-HT-M006,Forskolin是从Coleus forskohlii中分离出来的萜烯，是一种腺苷酸环化酶激活剂。

在分子生物学和药理学领域，小分子是一种低分子量(< 900道尔顿)的有机化合物，可以调节生物过程，大小约为1nm。大多数药物都是小分子的。较大的结构，如核酸和蛋白质，以及许多多糖不是小分子，尽管它们的组成单体(分别为核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸、氨基酸和单糖)通常被认为是小分子。小分子可以作为探索生物功能的研究工具，也可以作为开发新型治疗剂的先导。有些可以抑制蛋白质的特定功能或破坏蛋白质之间的相互作用。

药理学通常将“小分子”一词限制为与特定生物大分子结合并作为效应剂，改变靶标活性或功能的分子。小分子可以有各种各样的生物学功能或应用，作为细胞信号分子，药物在医学，农药在农业，以及在许多其他角色。这些化合物可以是天然的(如次级代谢产物)或人工的(如抗病毒药物);它们可能对疾病有有益的作用(如药物)，也可能有害(如致畸物和致癌物)。

Forskolin是从Coleus forskohlii中分离出来的萜烯，是一种腺苷酸环化酶激活剂。

Application: ELISA

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ig-PG

Within the fields of molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule is a low molecular weight (< 900 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Most drugs are small molecules. Larger structures such as nucleic acids and proteins, and many polysaccharides are not small molecules, although their constituent monomers (ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides, respectively) are often considered small molecules. Small molecules may be used as research tools to probe biological function as well as leads in the development of new therapeutic agents. Some can inhibit a specific function of a protein or disrupt protein–protein interactions.

Pharmacology usually restricts the term “small molecule” to molecules that bind specific biological macromolecules and act as an effector, altering the activity or function of the target. Small molecules can have a variety of biological functions or applications, serving as cell signaling molecules, drugs in medicine, pesticides in farming, and in many other roles. These compounds can be natural (such as secondary metabolites) or artificial (such as antiviral drugs); they may have a beneficial effect against a disease (such as drugs) or may be detrimental (such as teratogens and carcinogens).

Forskolin is a terpene isolated from Coleus forskohlii, which is an adenylate cyclase activator.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Inhibin pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-KZ-HS-P07

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Inhibin pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-KZ-HS-P07,抑制素是一种产生于卵巢、睾丸和胎盘的内分泌激素。这种激素在人体内有多种功能，女性体内的抑制素水平与月经周期有关，并在胎儿发育中发挥作用。

抑制素是一种产生于卵巢、睾丸和胎盘的内分泌激素。这种激素在人体内有多种功能，女性体内的抑制素水平与月经周期有关，并在胎儿发育中发挥作用。另一种激素，激活素，在体内的作用与抑制素相反。在男性和女性中，这两种激素的水平往往会随着一些因素而波动，这些因素包括由自然生物过程、环境压力和其他因素引发的激素水平的变化。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Inhibin pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-KZ-HS-P07

Application: WB, IHC, RIA

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Sheep, Mouse, Porcine, Rat

Inhibin is an endocrine hormone produced in the ovaries, the testes and the placenta. This hormone has several functions in the body, with inhibin levels in women being linked to the menstrual cycle and playing a role in fetal development. Another hormone, activin, has an action in the body opposite to that of inhibin. Levels of these two hormones tend to fluctuate in both men and women in response to a number of cues which can include changes in hormone levels triggered by natural biological processes, environmental pressure, and other factors.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Chondromodulin-I (ChM-I) mAb (Clone hCHM-3),CAC-TCS-003

Lect1编码一种糖基化跨膜蛋白，该蛋白被裂解形成成熟的分泌蛋白。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Chondromodulin-I (ChM-I) mAb (Clone hCHM-3),CAC-TCS-003

Lect1编码一种糖基化跨膜蛋白，该蛋白被裂解形成成熟的分泌蛋白。前体蛋白的n端与其他表面活性剂蛋白具有相同的特征，有时被称为软骨表面活性剂蛋白，尽管尚未确定其生物活性。前体蛋白的c端含有一个25 kDa的成熟蛋白，称为白细胞来源的趋化素-1或软骨调素-1。成熟蛋白促进软骨细胞生长，抑制血管生成。该基因在肥厚前软骨无血管区表达，在软骨细胞肥厚和血管侵犯时表达降低。成熟蛋白可能通过允许软骨anlagen血管化并被骨取代而在软骨内骨发育中发挥作用。它也可能参与发育过程中组织血管化的广泛控制。选择性剪接导致编码不同异构体的多个转录本变体。

Application: WB, IP, IHC

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Purified – Affinity

Reactivity: Bovine, Mouse, Rat, Human

Lect1 encodes a glycosylated transmembrane protein that is cleaved to form a mature, secreted protein. The N-terminus of the precursor protein shares characteristics with other surfactant proteins and is sometimes called chondrosurfactant protein, although no biological activity has yet been defined for it. The C-terminus of the precursor protein contains a 25 kDa mature protein called leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-1 or chondromodulin-1. The mature protein promotes chondrocyte growth and inhibits angiogenesis. This gene is expressed in the avascular zone of prehypertrophic cartilage, and its expression decreases during chondrocyte hypertrophy and vascular invasion. The mature protein likely plays a role in endochondral bone development by permitting cartilaginous anlagen to be vascularized and replaced by bone. It may also be involved in the broad control of tissue vascularization during development. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 21-30) pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-TIP-SN-P03

α -突触核蛋白是一种在突触前末端大量表达的140个氨基酸蛋白质，是帕金森病(PD)、路易体痴呆(DLB)和多系统萎缩(MSA)病例中观察到的神经元内或胶质包体的组成部分。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 21-30) pAb ,CAC-TIP-SN-P03

阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病呈快速增长趋势，已成为严重的社会问题。近年来，肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)等顽固性神经系统疾病的致病基因被发现，为研究其发病机制开辟了新的途径。已有研究表明，特定蛋白质的聚集和积累导致神经毒性和病变的形成，但发病和进展机制尚不清楚。神经病理诊断和实验模型生物标志物是药物构建、药物发现和治疗发展所必需的。

α -突触核蛋白是一种在突触前末端大量表达的140个氨基酸蛋白质，是帕金森病(PD)、路易体痴呆(DLB)和多系统萎缩(MSA)病例中观察到的神经元内或胶质包体的组成部分。虽然α -突触核蛋白是一种天然的未折叠蛋白，但α -突触核蛋白的纤维化或构象变化对α -突触核蛋白病的发病机制至关重要。α -突触核蛋白的氨基末端区域由7个不完全重复序列组成，每个重复序列长度为11个氨基酸，一致序列为KTKEGV。重复序列部分重叠于疏水区域(氨基酸61-95)。羧基末端(96-140氨基酸)带负电荷。这些抗体是神经退行性疾病的生化和免疫组化分析以及α -突触核蛋白构象变化评估的有力工具。

Application: IHC, WB, ELISA

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Human, Mouse

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease have been increasing rapidly and have become a serious social problem. In recent years, new causative genes have been discovered for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other intractable neurological diseases opening new avenues for research on pathogenesis. It has been suggested that aggregation and accumulation of specific proteins cause neurotoxicity and the formation of lesions, but the onset and progression mechanisms are still unclear. Neuropathological diagnostic and experimental model biomarkers are needed for drug construction, drug discovery, and therapeutic development.

Alpha-Synuclein, a 140-amino acid protein abundantly expressed in presynaptic terminals, is a component of intraneuronal or glial inclusions observed in cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although alpha-synuclein is a natively unfolded protein, fibrillization or conformational change(s) of alpha-synuclein is central to the pathogenesis of alpha-synucleinopathies. The amino-terminal region of alpha-synuclein consists of seven imperfect repeats, each 11 amino acids in length, with the consensus sequence KTKEGV. The repeats partially overlap with a hydrophobic region (amino acids 61-95). The carboxy-terminal region (amino acids 96-140) is negatively charged. These antibodies are powerful tools for biochemical and IHC analyses of neurodegenerative diseases and for evaluation of conformational changes of alpha-synuclein.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha-Crystallin B Chain, p45S pAb,CAC-ACC-PA005

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha-Crystallin B Chain, p45S pAb (Rabbit, Affinity Purified),CAC-ACC-PA005,晶状体蛋白几乎全部由晶体蛋白组成(约95%)。在脊椎动物的骨骼肌组织中也发现了晶体蛋白。在透镜中，它们的结构功能是协助维持透镜的适当折射率。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha-Crystallin B Chain, p45S pAb (Rabbit, Affinity Purified),CAC-ACC-PA005

Application: IF, IHC(p), WB

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Purified – Affinity

Reactivity: Human, Bovine, Mouse, Rat

Background

阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病呈快速增长趋势，已成为严重的社会问题。近年来，肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)等顽固性神经系统疾病的致病基因被发现，为研究其发病机制开辟了新的途径。已有研究表明，特定蛋白质的聚集和积累导致神经毒性和病变的形成，但发病和进展机制尚不清楚。神经病理诊断和实验模型生物标志物是药物构建、药物发现和治疗发展所必需的。

晶状体蛋白几乎全部由晶体蛋白组成(约95%)。在脊椎动物的骨骼肌组织中也发现了晶体蛋白。在透镜中，它们的结构功能是协助维持透镜的适当折射率。哺乳动物的晶状体含有3种主要的晶体蛋白:α、β和γ。α -结晶蛋白是最大的结晶蛋白，由α – a和α – b两个主要基因产物组成。至少有5种不同的蛋白质组成-晶体蛋白。γ -晶体蛋白是单体的，但在牛和大鼠晶状体中至少鉴定出5种γ -晶体蛋白。α -结晶蛋白占晶状体总蛋白组成的40%。除了维持适当的折射率外，它还以伴侣的方式防止可能导致白内障的聚集物的形成。据信，α -结晶蛋白的磷酸化状态是对细胞应激的反应，可能具有结构控制功能，并在蛋白质维持中发挥作用。α – b晶体蛋白与亚历山大有关，它会在患者的脑细胞中积累。

Applications

Western Blotting (WB):0.5 µg/ml
Immunofluorescence (IF):5 µg/ml
Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) (IHC (P)): 8 µ/ml

Product description

Package Size 50 µg
Form Liquid (0.1M NaPB, pH7.0, 20 mg/ml BSA, 0.1% Sodium Azide (NaN3 ) added)
Concentration 1 mg/mL
Purity Affinity Purified
Host Rabbit Polyclonal
Immunogen Synthetic phosphopeptide corresponding to residues L(44)S(p)PFYLRPPSF(54)C of human alpha-B Crystallin
Specificity Alpha-B crystallin p45S
Cross Reactivity Bovine, Human, Mouse, Rat
Subclass IgG
Storage Store below -20°C. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Fibromodulin (FMOD) mAb (Clone 636B12),CAC-PRPG-FBM-M01

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Fibromodulin (FMOD) mAb (Clone 636B12),CAC-PRPG-FBM-M01,由FMOD基因编码的纤维调蛋白是一个小间质蛋白聚糖家族的成员，它的中心区域由富含亮氨酸的重复序列组成，4个角蛋白硫酸盐链两侧有二硫键连接的末端结构域。

由FMOD基因编码的纤维调蛋白是一个小间质蛋白聚糖家族的成员，它的中心区域由富含亮氨酸的重复序列组成，4个角蛋白硫酸盐链两侧有二硫键连接的末端结构域。其核心蛋白大小约为58 kDa，完全糖基化形式的分子量可达150-200 kDa。纤维调素被认为通过与I型和II型胶原连接并(负性)控制它们在体外和体内的纤维形成来参与细胞外基质的组装(这也由在FMOD缺失小鼠中观察到的胶原纤维结构的改变所证实)。纤维调素也可能通过在细胞外基质中隔离潜伏的tgf – β来影响tgf – β信号。它被认为是肿瘤间质的主要成分(特别是在上皮性肿瘤中有很好的记录)。最近的观察表明，纤维调素是慢性淋巴细胞b细胞白血病的主要预后指标。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Fibromodulin (FMOD) mAb (Clone 636B12),CAC-PRPG-FBM-M01

Application: IHC, WB

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: Human

Fibromodulin, encoded by the FMOD gene, is a member of a family of small interstitial proteoglycans containing a central region composed of leucine-rich repeats with 4 keratan sulfate chains flanked by disulfide-bonded terminal domains. Its core protein is roughly 58 kDa in size and in its fully glycosylated form reaches 150-200 kDa in molecular weight. Fibromodulin has been proposed to participate in the assembly of the extracellular matrix by linking to collagen type I and II and (negatively) controlling their fibrillogenesis in vitro and in vivo (as also confirmed by the altered collagen fibril structure observed in FMOD null mice). Fibromodulin may also influence TGF-beta signaling by sequestering latent TGF-beta in the extracellular matrix. It is recognized to be a primary component of tumor stroma (particularly well documented in epithelial tumors). Recent observations suggest that fibromodulin is a primary prognostic indicator in chronic lymphocytic B-cell leukemia.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Dystonin (BPAG1/BP230) mAb (Clone 279),CAC-NU-01-BP1

BPAG1是一种230 kda的定位于分层上皮半脂质体的细胞质蛋白，是慢性自身免疫性皮肤病大疱性类天疱疮(BP)的主要抗原蛋白之一。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Dystonin (BPAG1/BP230) mAb (Clone 279),CAC-NU-01-BP1

半糖粒是细胞与细胞外基质之间的黏附结构。它们在将中间纤维锚定在细胞外基膜上发挥作用。在结构上，半脂质体有两种形式:I型和II型。I型半脂质体发育于分层上皮，如表皮。其主要成分包括细胞内连接蛋白果胶和BPAG1，粘附受体整合素α6β4和胶原型BP180/XVII。II型半脂质体作为I型半脂质体的简化形式出现在血管、雪旺细胞和消化道上皮中，仅由果胶和整合素α6β4组成。半糖体粘附受体通常与基底膜上的层粘连蛋白5相关。此外，层粘连蛋白5(其中层粘连蛋白2是一个亚基)通过VII型胶原蛋白与真皮层中的胶原纤维相连。半脂糖体相关蛋白的遗传缺失导致各种形式的大疱性表皮松解症，突出了它们在促进表皮和基底膜之间粘附的重要性。

BPAG1是一种230 kda的定位于分层上皮半脂质体的细胞质蛋白，是慢性自身免疫性皮肤病大疱性类天疱疮(BP)的主要抗原蛋白之一。该抗BPAG1单克隆抗体(克隆279)是针对牛BPAG1培养的，可用于包括人和小鼠在内的多种动物的western blotting和免疫荧光染色(IF)。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Dystonin (BPAG1/BP230) mAb (Clone 279),CAC-NU-01-BP1

Application: IF, WB, IHC(f)

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: Porcine, Rabbit, Bovine, Rat, Human

Hemidesmosomes are adhesive structures between cells and the extracellular matrix. They play a role in anchoring intermediate fibers to the extracellular basement membrane. Structurally, hemidesmosomes occur in two forms: Type I and Type II. Type I hemidesmosomes develop in stratified epithelia such as the epidermis. Its main components include the intracellular linker proteins Plectin and BPAG1, the adhesion receptor integrin α6β4 and collagen type BP180/XVII. Type II hemidesmosomes occur in blood vessels, Schwann cells, and digestive tract epithelia as a simplified form of Type I hemidesmosomes, consisting only plectin and integrin α6β4. The hemidesmosomal adhesion receptor is normally associated with Laminin 5 in the basement membrane. Furthermore, Laminin 5 (of which Laminin gamma 2 is a subunit) is linked to collagen fibers in the dermis via type VII collagen. Genetic deletion of hemidesmosome-related proteins causes various forms of epidermolysis bullosa, highlighting their importance in promoting adhesion between the epidermis and the basement membrane.

BPAG1 is a 230-kDa cytoplasmic protein localized to hemidesmosomes of stratified epithelia and is one of the major antigenic proteins of bullous pemphigoid (BP), a chronic autoimmune skin disease. This anti-BPAG1 monoclonal antibody (clone 279) was raised against bovine BPAG1 and can be used in western blotting and immunofluorescent staining (IF) in multiple animal species, including humans and mice.

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-SDT-01-AO1

20世纪上半叶发现的“经典”植物激素是生长素、脱落酸、细胞分裂素、赤霉素和乙烯。最近，一些额外的化合物被认为是激素，包括油菜素内酯、茉莉酸酯、水杨酸、一氧化氮和直尾金内酯。Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-SDT-01-AO1

因为植物有固定的生活方式，它们必须适应大量的外部刺激，并相应地协调它们的生长和发育。植物激素是一组结构上不相关的小分子，是将不同环境线索与植物遗传程序整合在一起的核心。20世纪上半叶发现的“经典”植物激素是生长素、脱落酸、细胞分裂素、赤霉素和乙烯。最近，一些额外的化合物被认为是激素，包括油菜素内酯、茉莉酸酯、水杨酸、一氧化氮和直尾金内酯。植物也使用多种肽激素来调节各种生长反应，但这类激素不在我们的讨论范围之内。随着遗传方法的应用，主要是在拟南芥中，激素生物学的许多方面已经被阐明。大多数激素参与植物生长发育的许多不同过程。这种复杂性反映在激素合成、转运和信号通路的贡献，以及激素之间相互作用的多样性，以控制生长反应。

基因筛选导致了许多参与激素信号的蛋白质的鉴定，这些蛋白质的分析对我们目前的激素作用模型做出了重大贡献。一个特别令人兴奋的结果是最近发现了生长素、赤霉素、茉莉酸和脱落酸的受体。虽然还远未完成，但我们对激素感知和信号传递的理解的提高已经允许对激素进行比较。从这些可以清楚地看出，一些激素(细胞分裂素、乙烯和油菜素类固醇)使用了特征明确的信号机制。另一方面，生长素和茉莉酸受体以及赤霉素信号中的蛋白质的鉴定和表征，突出了激素感知的一种新机制，其中泛素-蛋白酶体途径具有核心作用。

Anti Indole-3-Acetaldehyde Oxidase (AAO1/Aldehyde Oxidase 1) pAb (Rabbit, Ammonium Sulfate Purified),CAC-SDT-01-AO1

Application: IP, WB

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Ammonium Sulfate

Reactivity: Plant, Arabidopsis, Pea

Because plants have a sessile lifestyle, they must adjust to numerous external stimuli and coordinate their growth and development accordingly. The plant hormones, a group of structurally unrelated small molecules, are central to the integration of diverse environmental cues with a plant’s genetic program. The ‘classical’ phytohormones, identified during the first half of the twentieth century, are auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, gibberellin and ethylene. More recently, several additional compounds have been recognized as hormones, including brassinosteroids, jasmonate, salicylic acid, nitric oxide and strigolactones. Plants also use several peptide hormones to regulate various growth responses, but this class of hormones is beyond our scope here. With the application of genetic approaches, mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana, many aspects of hormone biology have been elucidated. Most hormones are involved in many different processes throughout plant growth and development. This complexity is reflected by the contributions of hormone synthesis, transport and signaling pathways, as well as by the diversity of interactions among hormones to control growth responses.

Genetic screens resulted in the identification of many of the proteins involved in hormone signaling and the analysis of these proteins has contributed significantly to our current models of hormone action. One particularly exciting outcome is the recent identification of receptors for auxin, gibberellin, jasmonate and abscisic acid. Though far from complete, our improved understanding of hormone perception and signaling has allowed for comparisons between hormones. From these it is clear that some hormones (cytokinins, ethylene and the brassinosteroids) use well-characterized signaling mechanisms. On the other hand, the identification and characterization of the auxin and jasmonate receptors, as well as proteins in gibberellin signaling, have highlighted a novel mechanism for hormone perception in which the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway has a central role. [from: Santner A., Mark E., Recent advances and emerging trends in plant hormone signalling (2009) Nature 459: 1071-1078]

Abscisic acid (ABA), a type of plant hormone, is thought to be involved in the induction of dormancy, stomatal closure, and physiological functions such as flower falling and leaf falling. The biosynthesis of this substance is carried out by oxidation of abscisin aldehyde, and it is suggested that a specific aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes the reaction. The CosmoBio Antibody Collection (CAC) has prepared three antibodies for detecting AO gene products cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana, and an antibody for detection of corn ascorbic acid peroxidase (APT).

In higher plants aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. AO-alpha may be involved in the biosynthesis of auxin, and in biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) in seeds. In vitro, AO-alpha uses heptaldehyde, protocatechualdehyde, benzaldehyde, indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld), cinnamaldehyde and citral as substrates; AO-beta uses IAAld, IAld and naphtaldehyde as substrates.

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-NM-MA-003

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-NM-MA-003,γ -微管蛋白是微管蛋白家族中一个普遍存在且高度保守的亚家族。这种蛋白质存在于微管组织中心，如纺锤极或中心体。

γ -微管蛋白是微管蛋白家族中一个普遍存在且高度保守的亚家族。这种蛋白质存在于微管组织中心，如纺锤极或中心体。当微管被解聚时，它仍然与中心体相关，这表明它是微管组装负端成核的重要组成部分。因此，γ -小管蛋白可以用作中心体制造者。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Tubulin Gamma-1 Chain (GCP-1) mAb (Clone E39),CAC-NM-MA-003

Application: ICC, ELISA, WB, IF

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ammonium Sulfate

Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat

Gamma-tubulins constitute a ubiquitous and highly conserved subfamily of the tubulin family. The protein is found at microtubule-organizing centers, such as spindle poles or centrosomes. It remains associated with centrosomes when microtubules are depolymerized, suggesting that it is an integral component that may play a role in minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly. Thus, gamma-tubulins can be used as a centrosome maker.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Morphine mAb (Clone IB1),CAC-KYU-HT-M001

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Morphine mAb (Clone IB1),CAC-KYU-HT-M001,小分子可以作为探索生物功能的研究工具，也可以作为开发新型治疗剂的先导。有些可以抑制蛋白质的特定功能或破坏蛋白质之间的相互作用。

在分子生物学和药理学领域，小分子是一种低分子量(< 900道尔顿)的有机化合物，可以调节生物过程，大小约为1nm。大多数药物都是小分子的。较大的结构，如核酸和蛋白质，以及许多多糖不是小分子，尽管它们的组成单体(分别为核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸、氨基酸和单糖)通常被认为是小分子。小分子可以作为探索生物功能的研究工具，也可以作为开发新型治疗剂的先导。有些可以抑制蛋白质的特定功能或破坏蛋白质之间的相互作用。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Morphine mAb (Clone IB1),CAC-KYU-HT-M001

Application: ELISA

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ig-PG

Within the fields of molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule is a low molecular weight (< 900 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Most drugs are small molecules. Larger structures such as nucleic acids and proteins, and many polysaccharides are not small molecules, although their constituent monomers (ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides, respectively) are often considered small molecules. Small molecules may be used as research tools to probe biological function as well as leads in the development of new therapeutic agents. Some can inhibit a specific function of a protein or disrupt protein–protein interactions.

Pharmacology usually restricts the term “small molecule” to molecules that bind specific biological macromolecules and act as an effector, altering the activity or function of the target. Small molecules can have a variety of biological functions or applications, serving as cell signaling molecules, drugs in medicine, pesticides in farming, and in many other roles. These compounds can be natural (such as secondary metabolites) or artificial (such as antiviral drugs); they may have a beneficial effect against a disease (such as drugs) or may be detrimental (such as teratogens and carcinogens). [from: Wikipedia contributors. (2019, April 6). Small molecule. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:49, May 29, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_molecule&oldid=891243496]

Morphine is a psychoactive alkaloid isolated from Papaver somniferum.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) pAb,CAC-ICA-TG6-MSP1

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) pAb,CAC-ICA-TG6-MSP1,该蛋白已被发现在转录因子NF-kappaB的激活中起调节作用。

过氧化物还蛋白-4是一种抗氧化酶，属于过氧化物还蛋白家族。蛋白质定位于细胞质。过氧化物还蛋白家族的过氧化物酶利用含硫醇供体分子衍生的还原物将过氧化氢和烷基氢过氧化物还原为水和醇。该蛋白已被发现在转录因子NF-kappaB的激活中起调节作用。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) pAb (Mouse, Antiserum),CAC-ICA-TG6-MSP1

Application: FC, ELISA, IHC, IF

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Mouse

Peroxiredoxin-4 is an antioxidant enzyme and belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. The protein is localized to the cytoplasm. Peroxidases of the peroxiredoxin family reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides to water and alcohol with the use of reducing equivalents derived from thiol-containing donor molecules. This protein has been found to play a regulatory role in the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

过氧化物还蛋白-4是一种抗氧化酶，属于过氧化物还蛋白家族。蛋白质定位于细胞质。过氧化物还蛋白家族的过氧化物酶利用含硫醇供体分子衍生的还原物将过氧化氢和烷基氢过氧化物还原为水和醇。该蛋白已被发现在转录因子NF-kappaB的激活中起调节作用。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti CD81 Antigen,CAC-SHI-EXO-M03-TF5

CD81 (TAPA-1)是一种细胞表面蛋白，属于四跨蛋白超家族。CD81被确定为B淋巴细胞受体(BCR)的组成部分和丙型肝炎病毒的受体。重要的是，它存在于外泌体表面。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti CD81 Antigen,CAC-SHI-EXO-M03-TF5

CD81 (TAPA-1)是一种细胞表面蛋白，属于四跨蛋白超家族。CD81被确定为B淋巴细胞受体(BCR)的组成部分和丙型肝炎病毒的受体。重要的是，它存在于外泌体表面。

外泌体是由脂质双分子层膜包围的细胞来源的囊泡，直径为50 – 150nm。它们由培养的细胞分泌，并在唾液、血液、尿液、羊水、恶性腹水等体液中观察到。最近的研究表明，外泌体含有各种蛋白质和rna，这表明外泌体在细胞之间的信息传递中起着重要作用。

该单克隆抗体可用于从血清和培养上清中免疫沉淀外泌体。

Anti CD81 Antigen (TAPA-1/Tspan-28) mAb (Clone 12C4, TF5 Labeled),CAC-SHI-EXO-M03-TF5

Application: FC

Clonality: Monoclonal

Conjugation: Tide Fluor™5

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ig-PG

Reactivity: Human

CD81 (TAPA-1) is a cell surface protein which belongs to the tetraspanin superfamily. CD81 is identified as a component of the B lymphocyte receptor (BCR) and as a receptor for the Hepatitis C Virus. Importantly, it is found on the surface of exosomes.

Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and exhibiting a diameter of 50 to 150 nm. They are secreted from cultured cells and are observed in body fluids such as saliva, blood, urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascites. Recent studies indicate that exosomes contain various proteins and RNAs, suggesting a role in information transfer between cells.

This monoclonal antibody can be used to immunoprecipitate exosomes from serum and culture supernatants.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti-Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers (CPDs) mAb (Clone TDM-2),CAC-NM-DND-001

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti-Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers,CAC-NM-DND-001,cpd特异性杂交瘤(克隆TDM-2)由小鼠骨髓瘤细胞与BALB/c小鼠的脾细胞融合建立，BALB/c小鼠的脾细胞经甲基化BSA结合uvc照射的小牛胸腺DNA免疫。

环丁烷嘧啶二聚体(CPD)特异性单抗TDM-2是通过将小鼠骨髓瘤细胞与BALB/c小鼠的脾细胞融合而克隆的。BALB/c小鼠的脾细胞经甲基化BSA结合uvc照射的小牛胸腺DNA免疫。TDM-2结合从细菌到人类的所有生物的变性DNA中的cpd，并通过ELISA和间接免疫荧光验证。

cpd特异性杂交瘤(克隆TDM-2)由小鼠骨髓瘤细胞与BALB/c小鼠的脾细胞融合建立，BALB/c小鼠的脾细胞经甲基化BSA结合uvc照射的小牛胸腺DNA免疫。收集杂交瘤培养上清，用冰冷的硫酸铵沉淀。离心后，将颗粒溶解在小体积双蒸馏水中，用PBS透析并冻干。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti-Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers (CPDs) mAb (Clone TDM-2),CAC-NM-DND-001

Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)-specific mAb TDM-2 was cloned by fusing mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with methylated BSA conjugated with UVC-irradiated calf thymus DNA. TDM-2 binds CPDs in denatured DNA from all organisms from bacteria to human and is validated for ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence.

Background

DNA damage in cells exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays significant roles in cell-cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair, cell killing, mutation, and neoplastic transformation. The major types of DNA damage induced by UVB (280-315 nm, component of sunlight) and by UVC (200-280 nm) are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts (6-4PPs), which are formed between adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides on the same strand of DNA. Approximately 70-80% of UV-induced DNA damage is CPDs and the remainder is 6-4PPs and Dewar isomers of 6-4PPs. In normal human cells, these types of DNA lesions are repaired by the nucleotide excision repair system.

Mori et al (19) have established monoclonal antibodies specific for CPDs and 6-4PPs. These antibodies enable quantitation of photoproducts in DNA purified from cultured cells or from the skin epidermis by ELISA and to visualize and measure photoproducts in DNA in cultured cells or the skin by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). This technology will contribute to studies of molecular mechanisms of cellular responses to UV and DNA damage in many research fields including cancer research, photobiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, immunology, and cosmetology.

Reactivity

  • CPDs in single-stranded DNA
  • CPDs formed in every dipyrimidine sequence (TT, TC, CT and CC)
  • CPDs formed in oligonucleotides consisting of more than eight bases

Applications

  • Immunocytochemistry            1:1500
  • ELISA                                     1:1000

Source

The CPD-specific hybridoma (clone TDM-2) was established by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with methylated BSA conjugated with UVC-irradiated calf thymus DNA. Hybridoma culture supernatant was collected and precipitated with ice-cold ammonium sulfate. After centrifugation, the pellet, dissolved in small volume of double-distilled water, was dialyzed against PBS and lyophilized.

Formulation

  • Lyophilate to be reconstituted in 100 ml of distilled water
  • Contains no preservative

Storage

  • Lyophilized form        -20°C
  • Reconstituted form     -20°C
  • Stable for at least 1 year; aliquot to avoid freezing and thawing

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Unsulfated Unsaturated Disaccharide Neoepitopes,CAC-PRPG-BC-M03

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Unsulfated Unsaturated Disaccharide Neoepitopes,CAC-PRPG-BC-M03,单克隆抗体1B5识别在经Chondroitinase ABC或Chondroitinase ACII预消化的硫酸软骨素糖胺聚糖链的非还原端产生的无硫酸盐不饱和双糖新表位。

单克隆抗体1B5识别在经Chondroitinase ABC或Chondroitinase ACII预消化的硫酸软骨素糖胺聚糖链的非还原端产生的无硫酸盐不饱和双糖新表位。

Anti Unsulfated Unsaturated Disaccharide Neoepitopes (C-0-S “stubs”) of Chondroitin Sulfate mAb (Clone 1B5),CAC-PRPG-BC-M03

Application: IHC, WB

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: All

Monoclonal antibody 1B5 recognizes unsulfated unsaturated disaccharide neoepitopes (i.e. C-0-S “stubs”) generated at the non-reducing terminal of Chondroitin Sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains that have been pre-digested with either Chondroitinase ABC or Chondroitinase ACII.

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-TNL-002-SH1

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-TNL-002-SH1,SHP1属于蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTPs)家族，其作用是去磷酸化蛋白质中被蛋白质酪氨酸激酶磷酸化的磷酸酪氨酸残基。PTPs和蛋白酪氨酸激酶在多种细胞过程中起作用

蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶是一组酶，从蛋白质上磷酸化的酪氨酸残基中去除磷酸基。蛋白酪氨酸(pTyr)磷酸化是一种常见的翻译后修饰，可以为蛋白质相互作用和细胞定位创造新的识别基元，影响蛋白质稳定性，并调节酶活性。因此，维持适当水平的蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸化是许多细胞功能所必需的。酪氨酸特异性蛋白磷酸酶(PTPase;EC 3.1.3.48)使用半胱氨酸-磷酸酶中间体催化去除附着在酪氨酸残基上的磷酸基。这些酶是信号转导通路(如MAP激酶通路)和细胞周期控制的关键调控成分，在控制细胞生长、增殖、分化、转化和突触可塑性方面具有重要意义。

SHP1属于蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTPs)家族，其作用是去磷酸化蛋白质中被蛋白质酪氨酸激酶磷酸化的磷酸酪氨酸残基。PTPs和蛋白酪氨酸激酶在多种细胞过程中起作用，从细胞存活到增殖、分化、迁移和免疫反应。SHP1 (PTPN6)和SHP2 (PTPN11)是密切相关的非受体型PTPs，每个都有两个Src同源2结构域n端与磷酸酶催化结构域(5-7)。尽管SHP2表示无所不在地,SHP1主要是表达造血细胞谱系,这已经涉及到多种多样的细胞因子受体的规定,生长因子受体,和immunoreceptors.

Anti Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 6 (SHP-1/PTPN6) pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-TNL-002-SH1

Application: IP, IHC, WB

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Rat

Protein tyrosine phosphatases are a group of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. Protein tyrosine (pTyr) phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification that can create novel recognition motifs for protein interactions and cellular localization, affect protein stability, and regulate enzyme activity. As a consequence, maintaining an appropriate level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for many cellular functions. Tyrosine-specific protein phosphatases (PTPase; EC 3.1.3.48) catalyse the removal of a phosphate group attached to a tyrosine residue, using a cysteinyl-phosphate enzyme intermediate. These enzymes are key regulatory components in signal transduction pathways (such as the MAP kinase pathway) and cell cycle control, and are important in the control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, transformation, and synaptic plasticity.

SHP1 belongs to the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which dephosphorylate phosphotyrosyl residues in proteins that are phosphorylated by protein tyrosine kinases. PTPs and protein tyrosine kinases function in a variety of cellular processes, from cell survival to proliferation, differentiation, migration, and immune responses. SHP1 (PTPN6) and SHP2 (PTPN11) are closely related non–receptor-type PTPs, each having two Src homology 2 domains N-terminal to the phosphatase catalytic domain (5–7). Although SHP2 is expressed ubiquitously, SHP1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cell lineages, and it has been implicated in the regulation of a diverse range of cytokine receptors, growth factor receptors, and immunoreceptors (5, 6, 8). SHP1 has been shown to associate with ITIMs in these receptors (5, 6) and has been proposed to bind to ITIM-like motifs in various kinases, including IL-1R–associated kinase 1, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, JAK2, JAK3, TAK1, IκB kinase α, and LYN (9, 10).

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti C9ORF72 (Poly-GP) pAb,CAC-TIP-C9-P03

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti C9ORF72 (Poly-GP) pAb,CAC-TIP-C9-P03,我们的C9orf72抗体是免疫组化分析神经退行性疾病的有力工具。

阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病呈快速增长趋势，已成为严重的社会问题。近年来，肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)等顽固性神经系统疾病的致病基因被发现，为研究其发病机制开辟了新的途径。已有研究表明，特定蛋白质的聚集和积累导致神经毒性和病变的形成，但发病和进展机制尚不清楚。神经病理诊断和实验模型生物标志物是药物构建、药物发现和治疗发展所必需的。

2011年，在额颞叶变性(FTLD)和肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)患者中发现了C9orf72基因的六核苷酸扩增。病理上，小脑颗粒细胞、海马齿状回细胞和CA4区存在TDP-43阴性和p62阳性包涵体。据报道，这些包体包括二肽重复蛋白、poly- ga、poly- gr和poly GP，这些包体可能来自于GGGGCC扩展的非atg启动的意义翻译。我们的C9orf72抗体是免疫组化分析神经退行性疾病的有力工具。

Application: ELISA, IHC(p)

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Human

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease have been increasing rapidly and have become a serious social problem. In recent years, new causative genes have been discovered for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other intractable neurological diseases opening new avenues for research on pathogenesis. It has been suggested that aggregation and accumulation of specific proteins cause neurotoxicity and the formation of lesions, but the onset and progression mechanisms are still unclear. Neuropathological diagnostic and experimental model biomarkers are needed for drug construction, drug discovery, and therapeutic development.

In 20111 hexanucleotide expansions in the C9orf72 gene were identified in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). GGGGCC expansions are characterized pathologically by the presence of TDP-43 negative and p62 positive inclusions in granule cells of cerebellum and in cells of the dentate gyrus and CA4 area of the hippocampus. It was reported that these inclusions include dipeptide repeat proteins, poly-GA, poly-GR and poly GP, arising from a putative non-ATG initiated sense translation of the GGGGCC expansion. Our C9orf72 antibodies are powerful tools for IHC analysis of neurodegenerative diseases.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 31-40) pAb,CAC-TIP-SN-P04

肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)等顽固性神经系统疾病的致病基因被发现，为研究其发病机制开辟了新的途径。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 31-40) pAb,CAC-TIP-SN-P04,

阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病呈快速增长趋势，已成为严重的社会问题。近年来，肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)等顽固性神经系统疾病的致病基因被发现，为研究其发病机制开辟了新的途径。已有研究表明，特定蛋白质的聚集和积累导致神经毒性和病变的形成，但发病和进展机制尚不清楚。神经病理诊断和实验模型生物标志物是药物构建、药物发现和治疗发展所必需的。

α -突触核蛋白是一种在突触前末端大量表达的140个氨基酸蛋白质，是帕金森病(PD)、路易体痴呆(DLB)和多系统萎缩(MSA)病例中观察到的神经元内或胶质包体的组成部分。虽然α -突触核蛋白是一种天然的未折叠蛋白，但α -突触核蛋白的纤维化或构象变化对α -突触核蛋白病的发病机制至关重要。α -突触核蛋白的氨基末端区域由7个不完全重复序列组成，每个重复序列长度为11个氨基酸，一致序列为KTKEGV。重复序列部分重叠于疏水区域(氨基酸61-95)。羧基末端(96-140氨基酸)带负电荷。这些抗体是神经退行性疾病的生化和免疫组化分析以及α -突触核蛋白构象变化评估的有力工具。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 31-40) pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-TIP-SN-P04

Application: IHC, WB

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Human, Mouse

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease have been increasing rapidly and have become a serious social problem. In recent years, new causative genes have been discovered for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other intractable neurological diseases opening new avenues for research on pathogenesis. It has been suggested that aggregation and accumulation of specific proteins cause neurotoxicity and the formation of lesions, but the onset and progression mechanisms are still unclear. Neuropathological diagnostic and experimental model biomarkers are needed for drug construction, drug discovery, and therapeutic development.

Alpha-Synuclein, a 140-amino acid protein abundantly expressed in presynaptic terminals, is a component of intraneuronal or glial inclusions observed in cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although alpha-synuclein is a natively unfolded protein, fibrillization or conformational change(s) of alpha-synuclein is central to the pathogenesis of alpha-synucleinopathies. The amino-terminal region of alpha-synuclein consists of seven imperfect repeats, each 11 amino acids in length, with the consensus sequence KTKEGV. The repeats partially overlap with a hydrophobic region (amino acids 61-95). The carboxy-terminal region (amino acids 96-140) is negatively charged. These antibodies are powerful tools for biochemical and IHC analyses of neurodegenerative diseases and for evaluation of conformational changes of alpha-synuclein.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Indole-3-Acetaldehyde Oxidase ,CAC-SDT-01-AO2

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Indole-3-Acetaldehyde Oxidase ,CAC-SDT-01-AO2,脱落酸(ABA)是一种植物激素，被认为参与了植物休眠、气孔关闭和落花、落叶等生理功能的诱导。该物质的生物合成是通过脱落糖醛的氧化进行的，并提出了一种特殊的醛氧化酶(AO)催化该反应。

因为植物有固定的生活方式，它们必须适应大量的外部刺激，并相应地协调它们的生长和发育。植物激素是一组结构上不相关的小分子，是将不同环境线索与植物遗传程序整合在一起的核心。20世纪上半叶发现的“经典”植物激素是生长素、脱落酸、细胞分裂素、赤霉素和乙烯。最近，一些额外的化合物被认为是激素，包括油菜素内酯、茉莉酸酯、水杨酸、一氧化氮和直尾金内酯。植物也使用多种肽激素来调节各种生长反应，但这类激素不在我们的讨论范围之内。随着遗传方法的应用，主要是在拟南芥中，激素生物学的许多方面已经被阐明。大多数激素参与植物生长发育的许多不同过程。这种复杂性反映在激素合成、转运和信号通路的贡献，以及激素之间相互作用的多样性，以控制生长反应。

基因筛选导致了许多参与激素信号的蛋白质的鉴定，这些蛋白质的分析对我们目前的激素作用模型做出了重大贡献。一个特别令人兴奋的结果是最近发现了生长素、赤霉素、茉莉酸和脱落酸的受体。虽然还远未完成，但我们对激素感知和信号传递的理解的提高已经允许对激素进行比较。从这些可以清楚地看出，一些激素(细胞分裂素、乙烯和油菜素类固醇)使用了特征明确的信号机制。另一方面，生长素和茉莉酸受体以及赤霉素信号中的蛋白质的鉴定和表征，突出了激素感知的一种新机制，其中泛素-蛋白酶体途径具有核心作用。[摘自:Santner A.， Mark E.，植物激素信号的最新进展和新兴趋势(2009)自然459:1071-1078]

脱落酸(ABA)是一种植物激素，被认为参与了植物休眠、气孔关闭和落花、落叶等生理功能的诱导。该物质的生物合成是通过脱落糖醛的氧化进行的，并提出了一种特殊的醛氧化酶(AO)催化该反应。CosmoBio Antibody Collection (CAC)制备了3个用于检测拟南芥AO基因克隆产物的抗体和一个用于检测玉米抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APT)的抗体。

高等植物醛氧化酶是醛氧化酶亚基的异质二聚体，具有不同的生理功能。在体外，AO-gamma以庚醛、苯甲醛、萘醛和肉桂醛为底物;ao – β使用吲哚-3-乙醛(IAAld)、吲哚-3-醛(IAld)和萘醛;AAO2-AAO3二聚体使用脱落醛。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Indole-3-Acetaldehyde Oxidase (Aldehyde Oxidase 2) pAb (Rabbit, Ammonium Sulfate Purified),CAC-SDT-01-AO2

Application: IP, WB

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Ammonium Sulfate

Reactivity: Plant, Arabidopsis, Pea

Because plants have a sessile lifestyle, they must adjust to numerous external stimuli and coordinate their growth and development accordingly. The plant hormones, a group of structurally unrelated small molecules, are central to the integration of diverse environmental cues with a plant’s genetic program. The ‘classical’ phytohormones, identified during the first half of the twentieth century, are auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, gibberellin and ethylene. More recently, several additional compounds have been recognized as hormones, including brassinosteroids, jasmonate, salicylic acid, nitric oxide and strigolactones. Plants also use several peptide hormones to regulate various growth responses, but this class of hormones is beyond our scope here. With the application of genetic approaches, mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana, many aspects of hormone biology have been elucidated. Most hormones are involved in many different processes throughout plant growth and development. This complexity is reflected by the contributions of hormone synthesis, transport and signaling pathways, as well as by the diversity of interactions among hormones to control growth responses.

Genetic screens resulted in the identification of many of the proteins involved in hormone signaling and the analysis of these proteins has contributed significantly to our current models of hormone action. One particularly exciting outcome is the recent identification of receptors for auxin, gibberellin, jasmonate and abscisic acid. Though far from complete, our improved understanding of hormone perception and signaling has allowed for comparisons between hormones. From these it is clear that some hormones (cytokinins, ethylene and the brassinosteroids) use well-characterized signaling mechanisms. On the other hand, the identification and characterization of the auxin and jasmonate receptors, as well as proteins in gibberellin signaling, have highlighted a novel mechanism for hormone perception in which the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway has a central role. [from: Santner A., Mark E., Recent advances and emerging trends in plant hormone signalling (2009) Nature 459: 1071-1078]

Abscisic acid (ABA), a type of plant hormone, is thought to be involved in the induction of dormancy, stomatal closure, and physiological functions such as flower falling and leaf falling. The biosynthesis of this substance is carried out by oxidation of abscisin aldehyde, and it is suggested that a specific aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes the reaction. The CosmoBio Antibody Collection (CAC) has prepared three antibodies for detecting AO gene products cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana, and an antibody for detection of corn ascorbic acid peroxidase (APT).

In higher plant aldehyde oxidases (AO) appear to be homo- and heterodimeric assemblies of AO subunits with probably different physiological functions. In vitro, AO-gamma uses heptaldehyde, benzaldehyde, naphthaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde as substrates; AO-beta uses indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld), indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) and naphtaldehyde; the AAO2-AAO3 dimer uses abscisic aldehyde.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,CAC-NM-DND-002

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,CAC-NM-DND-002,本高灵敏度(6-4)光产物(6-4PPs)酶联免疫吸附试验试剂盒是唯一一种使用抗6-4PPs克隆64M-2的市售酶联免疫吸附试验试剂盒，已优化用于从培养细胞或皮肤表皮纯化的DNA中检测6-4PPs的高灵敏度。

长期暴露在太阳紫外线辐射下可能会对皮肤(包括皮肤癌)、眼睛和免疫系统造成有害的急性和慢性影响。这些有害影响似乎与紫外线引起的DNA损伤密切相关。事实上，紫外线诱导的DNA损伤在细胞周期阻滞、DNA修复激活、细胞杀伤、突变和肿瘤转化等方面发挥着重要作用。太阳紫外线辐射诱导DNA损伤的主要类型是环丁烷嘧啶二聚体(CPDs)、(6-4)光产物(6-4PPs)和6-4PPs的杜瓦价异构体(杜瓦光产物;dewarpp)形成于同一DNA链上相邻的嘧啶核苷酸之间。大约70-80%的紫外线引起的DNA损伤是cpd，其余是6-4PPs和6-4PPs的杜瓦异构体。dewarpp是由6-4PPs在325 nm左右的紫外辐射下光异构化而成。在正常的人类细胞中，这些类型的DNA损伤是通过核苷酸切除修复(NER)修复的。

为了更好地研究围绕紫外线诱导的DNA损伤和修复的分子事件，Mori等人此前开发并鉴定了针对cpd的特异性单克隆抗体(mAb)和针对6-4PPs的特异性单抗(1)，而Matsunaga等人开发并鉴定了针对DewarPPs的特异性单抗(2)。其中三种抗体(cpd:克隆TDM-2;6-4PPs:克隆64M-2;DewarPPs:克隆DEM-1)继续在文献中被频繁引用，通常用于ELISA。

本高灵敏度(6-4)光产物(6-4PPs)酶联免疫吸附试验试剂盒是唯一一种使用抗6-4PPs克隆64M-2的市售酶联免疫吸附试验试剂盒，已优化用于从培养细胞或皮肤表皮纯化的DNA中检测6-4PPs的高灵敏度。该ELISA试剂盒可检测所有DNA序列上下文(即TT, TC, CT和CC)中的6-4PPs。因此，该ELISA试剂盒的可用性和便捷性将有助于进一步了解细胞对紫外线辐射和DNA损伤反应的分子机制，并应用于许多研究领域，包括癌症研究、光生物学、皮肤病学、眼科、免疫学和化妆品科学。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,Anti 6-4 Photoproducts (6-4PPs) mAb (Clone 64M-2),CAC-NM-DND-002

Application: ICC, ELISA, WB, IP, IHC, FC

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ammonium Sulfate

Reactivity: All

Prolonged exposure to solar UV radiation may result in harmful acute and chronic effects to the skin (including skin cancers), eye, and immune system. These harmful effects appear to be closely related to UV-induced DNA damage. Indeed, UV-induced DNA damage plays significant roles in cell-cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair, cell killing, mutation, and neoplastic transformation. The major types of DNA damage induced by solar UV radiation are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), (6–4) photoproducts (6-4PPs), and Dewar valence isomers of 6-4PPs (Dewar photoproducts; DewarPPs) formed between adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides on the same DNA strand. Approximately 70-80% of UV-induced DNA damage is CPDs and the remaining is 6-4PPs and Dewar isomers of 6-4PPs. DewarPPs are produced by the photoisomerization of 6-4PPs by UV radiation around 325 nm. In normal human cells these types of DNA lesions are repaired by nucleotide excision repair (NER).

To better study molecular events surrounding UV-induced DNA damage and repair, Mori et al. previously developed and characterized monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for CPDs and mAb specific for 6-4PPs (1) while Matsunaga et al. developed and characterized mAb specific for DewarPPs (2). Three of these antibodies (CPDs: clone TDM-2; 6-4PPs: clone 64M-2; DewarPPs: clone DEM-1) continue to be cited frequently in the literature, often for use in ELISA.

This High Sensitivity (6-4)photoproducts (6-4PPs) ELISA Kit is the only commercially available ELISA utilizing anti- 6-4PPs clone 64M-2 and has been optimized for high sensitivity detection of 6-4PPs in DNA purified from cultured cells or from skin epidermis. This ELISA detects 6-4PPs from dipyrimidines in all DNA sequence contexts (i.e., TT, TC, CT and CC). Thus, the availability and convenience of this ELISA Kit will contribute to further understanding molecular mechanisms involved in cellular responses to UV radiation and DNA damage with applications across many research fields including cancer research, photobiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, immunology, and cosmetics science.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,Anti Catechin mAb (Clone b-1058),CAC-KYU-TM-M001

世界上第一个儿茶素识别抗体已被添加到Cosmobio抗体集(CAC)。儿茶素是一种多酚，在绿茶中含量丰富。据报道，它具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗菌和抗过敏活性。Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,Anti Catechin mAb (Clone b-1058),CAC-KYU-TM-M001,

世界上第一个儿茶素识别抗体已被添加到Cosmobio抗体集(CAC)。儿茶素是一种多酚，在绿茶中含量丰富。据报道，它具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗菌和抗过敏活性。儿茶素包括以下化合物:表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECg)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(GCg)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCg)、没食子儿茶素(GC)、没食子儿茶素(EGC)、儿茶素(C)、表儿茶素(EC)。Cone b-1058抗体能与表没食子儿茶素(EGC)，表儿茶素没食子儿茶素没食子儿茶素(EGCg)，没食子儿茶素(GC)，儿茶素没食子儿茶素(Cg)和没食子儿茶素(GCg)反应。它与没食子儿茶素没食子酸盐(GCg)和没食子儿茶素没食子酸盐(EGCg)反应特别好。

Application: ELISA, SPR

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ion-exchange Chromatography

Reactivity: Plant

The world’s first Catechin-recognizing antibody has been added to the Cosmobio Antibody Collection (CAC). Catechin is a polyphenol that is abundant in green tea. It has been reported to possess antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial and antiallergic activities. Catechin comprises the following compounds: Epicatechin gallate (ECg), gallocatechin gallate (GCg), catechin gallate (Cg), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin (C), epicatechin (EC). Cone b-1058 antibody reacts with epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallete (ECg), epigallocatechin gallete (EGCg), gallocatechin (GC), catechin gallete (Cg) and gallocatechin gallete (GCg). It reacts especially well with gallocatechin gallete (GCg) and epigallocatechin gallete (EGCg).

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti N(Omega)-(Carboxymethyl) Arginine (CMA) mAb,CAC-AGE-M04

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti N(Omega)-(Carboxymethyl) Arginine (CMA) mAb,CAC-AGE-M04,晚期糖基化终产物(AGE)是还原糖和蛋白质之间的非酶糖基化反应(米勒德反应)后期产生的结构的总称。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti N(Omega)-(Carboxymethyl) Arginine (CMA) mAb (Clone 3F5),CAC-AGE-M04

Application: ELISA, IHC, WB

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ig-PG

Background

晚期糖基化终产物(AGE)是还原糖和蛋白质之间的非酶糖基化反应(米勒德反应)后期产生的结构的总称。众所周知，年龄积累在与年龄相关的疾病如糖尿病和动脉硬化中显著增加。
Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE) is a general term for structures generated in the late stage of non-enzymatic glycation reactions (Millard reactions) between reducing sugars and proteins. AGE accumulation is known to be significantly elevated in age-related diseases such as diabetes and arteriosclerosis.

Nω-(carboxymethyl) arginine (CMA), a CML analogue, is an acid-labile AGE structure which was discovered in enzymatic hydrolysate of glycated collagen. CMA is preferentially generated in glycated collagen.

Application

Western blotting, 1/100 to 1/200
Immunohistochemistry (frozen sections), 1/50 to 1/100
ELISA, 1/100 to 1/200

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Laminin Subunit Gamma-2 mAb (Clone YN557),CAC-NU-01-LA2

半糖粒是细胞与细胞外基质之间的黏附结构。它们在将中间纤维锚定在细胞外基膜上发挥作用。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Laminin Subunit Gamma-2 mAb (Clone YN557),CAC-NU-01-LA2

半糖粒是细胞与细胞外基质之间的黏附结构。它们在将中间纤维锚定在细胞外基膜上发挥作用。在结构上，半脂质体有两种形式:I型和II型。I型半脂质体发育于分层上皮，如表皮。其主要成分包括细胞内连接蛋白果胶和BPAG1，粘附受体整合素α6β4和胶原型BP180/XVII。II型半脂质体作为I型半脂质体的简化形式出现在血管、雪旺细胞和消化道上皮中，仅由果胶和整合素α6β4组成。半糖体粘附受体通常与基底膜上的层粘连蛋白5相关。此外，层粘连蛋白5(其中层粘连蛋白2是一个亚基)通过VII型胶原蛋白与真皮层中的胶原纤维相连。半脂糖体相关蛋白的遗传缺失导致各种形式的大疱性表皮松解症，突出了它们在促进表皮和基底膜之间粘附的重要性。

层粘连蛋白γ 2链与γ 1链高度同源;但缺乏VI结构域，V、IV、III结构域较短。它在几种胎儿组织中表达，但与γ 1不同，并特异性定位于皮肤、肺和肾脏的上皮细胞。gamma 2链与alpha 3和beta 3链一起构成层粘连蛋白5(早期称为加里宁)，它是连接上皮细胞和基底膜的锚定丝的组成部分。γ 2链的上皮特异性表达暗示其作为上皮附着分子的作用，该基因的突变与交界性大疱性表皮松解症有关，这是一种因表皮-真皮连接处破坏而产生水泡的皮肤病。

Application: IP, IF, WB, IHC(f)

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: Bovine, Human

Hemidesmosomes are adhesive structures between cells and the extracellular matrix. They play a role in anchoring intermediate fibers to the extracellular basement membrane. Structurally, hemidesmosomes occur in two forms: Type I and Type II. Type I hemidesmosomes develop in stratified epithelia such as the epidermis. Its main components include the intracellular linker proteins Plectin and BPAG1, the adhesion receptor integrin α6β4 and collagen type BP180/XVII. Type II hemidesmosomes occur in blood vessels, Schwann cells, and digestive tract epithelia as a simplified form of Type I hemidesmosomes, consisting only plectin and integrin α6β4. The hemidesmosomal adhesion receptor is normally associated with Laminin 5 in the basement membrane. Furthermore, Laminin 5 (of which Laminin gamma 2 is a subunit) is linked to collagen fibers in the dermis via type VII collagen. Genetic deletion of hemidesmosome-related proteins causes various forms of epidermolysis bullosa, highlighting their importance in promoting adhesion between the epidermis and the basement membrane.

The Laminin gamma 2 chain is highly homologous to the gamma 1 chain; however, it lacks domain VI, and domains V, IV and III are shorter. It is expressed in several fetal tissues but differently from gamma 1, and is specifically localized to epithelial cells in skin, lung and kidney. The gamma 2 chain together with alpha 3 and beta 3 chains constitute laminin 5 (earlier known as kalinin), which is an integral part of the anchoring filaments that connect epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. The epithelium-specific expression of the gamma 2 chain implied its role as an epithelium attachment molecule, and mutations in this gene have been associated with junctional epidermolysis bullosa, a skin disease characterized by blisters due to disruption of the epidermal-dermal junction.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein,CAC-PRPG-CP-M02

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein,CAC-PRPG-CP-M02,COMP(软骨寡聚基质蛋白)是一种突出的软骨多结构域糖蛋白，占关节组织湿重的1%，Mr约为97 kDa。COMP也可在肌腱、骨(即成骨细胞)、韧带、某些平滑肌和滑膜中发现。

COMP(软骨寡聚基质蛋白)是一种突出的软骨多结构域糖蛋白，占关节组织湿重的1%，Mr约为97 kDa。COMP也可在肌腱、骨(即成骨细胞)、韧带、某些平滑肌和滑膜中发现。在ECM中，COMP以五聚二硫键合物的形式存在，Mr约为550 kDa。虽然COMP的功能尚未完全阐明，但它似乎通过整合素介导软骨细胞附着，并通过与II型和IX型胶原、聚集蛋白、纤维连接蛋白和ECM蛋白1的特定阳离子依赖性相互作用稳定关节软骨ECM。此外，人类COMP基因的突变与假性软骨发育不全和多发性骨骺发育不良的发展有关，这是短肢侏儒症的常染色体显性形式。在这些患者的软骨细胞中，COMP经常被包埋在细胞内囊泡中。COMP是多种ECM降解酶的底物，包括MMP-1, MMP-13, MMP-19, MMP20和ADAMTS-4， -7和-12。COMP片段已在膝关节损伤、创伤后、原发性骨关节炎和类风湿性关节炎患者的病变软骨、滑膜液和血清中检测到，并已被提出用于退行性软骨疾病的诊断/预后。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) mAb (Clone 490D11),CAC-PRPG-CP-M02

Application: ELISA, IHC(p), WB, ICC, IP, IHC(f)

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Rat

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: Human, Bovine

COMP – cartilage oligomeric matrix protein – is a prominent multidomain glycoprotein of cartilage, accounting for up to 1% of the wet weight of articular tissues and having an approximate Mr of 97 kDa. COMP may also be found in tendon, bone (i.e. osteoblasts), ligament, certain smooth muscles and synovium. In the ECM COMP is present in a pentameric, disulfide-bonded complex with a Mr of about 550 kDa. Although the function of COMP is not completely elucidated, it appears to mediate chondrocyte attachment via integrins and to stabilize the articular cartilage ECM via specific cation-dependent interactions with collagen types II and IX, aggrecan, fibronectin, and ECM protein 1. In addition, mutations in the human COMP gene have been linked to the development of pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, which are autosomal-dominant forms of short-limb dwarfism. In chondrocytes of these patients, COMP remains frequently entrapped in intracellular vesicles. COMP is a substrate for a variety of ECM degrading enzymes, including MMP-1, MMP-13, MMP-19, MMP20 and ADAMTS-4, -7 and -12. Fragments of COMP have been detected in the diseased cartilage, synovial fluid, and serum of patients with knee injuries, post-traumatic and primary osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and have proposed to be diagnostic/prognostic of degenerative cartilage diseases.

 

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Keratin, Type I Cytoskeletal 18,CAC-CEC-046

细胞角蛋白由至少20种独特的基因产物组成，分为两类:相对酸性的I型(CK9-CK20)和中性碱性的II型(CK1-CK8)。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Keratin, Type I Cytoskeletal 18,CAC-CEC-046

中间纤维由大量的核蛋白和细胞质蛋白组成，这些蛋白以组织和分化依赖的方式表达。中间丝的成分在进化过程中高度保守，并且在物种之间表现出高度的保守性(1,2)。细胞角蛋白是上皮细胞中发现的主要结构蛋白，形成了中间丝的细胞质网络(3)。细胞角蛋白由至少20种独特的基因产物组成，分为两类:相对酸性的I型(CK9-CK20)和中性碱性的II型(CK1-CK8)。这些细胞角蛋白以1:1的比例结合成非共价异聚物，这些异聚物进一步组装成角蛋白丝(4,5)。细胞角蛋白的表达主要取决于上皮细胞类型及其分化程度;因此，评估细胞角蛋白表达状态有助于区分癌症和其他类型的癌症(6)。细胞角蛋白18基因(CK18)位于染色体12q13上，长3791个碱基对。它编码一种I型中间丝蛋白，这种蛋白主要存在于许多类型的单层或“简单”上皮组织中，定位于细胞质和核周区(4)。ck18及其共表达的互补型角蛋白伙伴CK8在各种成人上皮器官中持续表达，如肝脏、肺、肾脏、胰腺、胃肠道和乳腺。在缺乏CK8的情况下，CK18蛋白被降解，角蛋白中间丝未形成(8)。在先前转染CK18基因的小鼠成纤维细胞中分离出CK8的cDNA克隆并表达，这导致形成稳定的角蛋白丝(9)。因此，I型角蛋白(CK18)和II型角蛋白(CK8)的存在似乎对角蛋白丝的形成既必要又充分(8,9)。

Application: ICC, IHC, WB, IF

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: IgG

Reactivity: Monkey, Mouse, Rat, Human

The intermediate filaments consist of a large number of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins that are expressed in a tissue- and differentiation-dependent manner. The components of the intermediate filaments are highly conserved during evolution and show a high degree of conservation among species (1, 2). Cytokeratins are major structural proteins found in epithelial cells, which form the cytoplasmic network of intermediate filaments (3). Cytokeratins consist of at least 20 unique gene products that fall into two categories: the relatively acidic type I group (CK9–CK20) and the neutral–basic type II group (CK1–CK8). These cytokeratins are combined in a 1:1 ratio into noncovalent heteropolymers, which are further assembled into keratin filaments (4, 5). The expression of cytokeratin proteins depends primarily on the epithelial cell type and its degree of differentiation; therefore, assessments of cytokeratin expression status are useful for distinguishing carcinomas from other types of cancer (6).The cytokeratin 18 gene (CK18) is located on chromo-some 12q13 and is 3,791 base pairs long. It codes for a type I intermediate filament protein that is found primarily in many types of single-layered or “simple” epithelial tissues and is localized in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region (4).CK18 and its coexpressed complementary type II keratin partner, CK8, are persistently expressed in a variety of adult epithelial organs, such as the liver, lung, kidney, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and mammary gland, and are also expressed by cancers that arise from these tissues (7). In the absence of CK8, the CK18 protein is degraded and keratin intermediate filaments are not formed (8). A cDNA clone forCK8 was isolated and expressed in mouse fibroblasts that had previously been transfected with the CK18 gene, which resulted in the formation of stable keratin filaments (9).Thus, the presence of a type I (CK18) and a type II (CK8)keratin appears to be both necessary and sufficient for the formation of keratin filaments (8, 9).

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein,CAC-TIP-SN-P09

α -突触核蛋白是一种在突触前末端大量表达的140个氨基酸蛋白质，是帕金森病(PD)、路易体痴呆(DLB)和多系统萎缩(MSA)病例中观察到的神经元内或胶质包体的组成部分。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein,CAC-TIP-SN-P09

阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病呈快速增长趋势，已成为严重的社会问题。近年来，肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)等顽固性神经系统疾病的致病基因被发现，为研究其发病机制开辟了新的途径。已有研究表明，特定蛋白质的聚集和积累导致神经毒性和病变的形成，但发病和进展机制尚不清楚。神经病理诊断和实验模型生物标志物是药物构建、药物发现和治疗发展所必需的。

α -突触核蛋白是一种在突触前末端大量表达的140个氨基酸蛋白质，是帕金森病(PD)、路易体痴呆(DLB)和多系统萎缩(MSA)病例中观察到的神经元内或胶质包体的组成部分。虽然α -突触核蛋白是一种天然的未折叠蛋白，但α -突触核蛋白的纤维化或构象变化对α -突触核蛋白病的发病机制至关重要。α -突触核蛋白的氨基末端区域由7个不完全重复序列组成，每个重复序列长度为11个氨基酸，一致序列为KTKEGV。重复序列部分重叠于疏水区域(氨基酸61-95)。羧基末端(96-140氨基酸)带负电荷。这些抗体是神经退行性疾病的生化和免疫组化分析以及α -突触核蛋白构象变化评估的有力工具。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 131-140) pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-TIP-SN-P09

Application: IHC, WB, ELISA

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Human, Mouse

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease have been increasing rapidly and have become a serious social problem. In recent years, new causative genes have been discovered for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other intractable neurological diseases opening new avenues for research on pathogenesis. It has been suggested that aggregation and accumulation of specific proteins cause neurotoxicity and the formation of lesions, but the onset and progression mechanisms are still unclear. Neuropathological diagnostic and experimental model biomarkers are needed for drug construction, drug discovery, and therapeutic development.

Alpha-Synuclein, a 140-amino acid protein abundantly expressed in presynaptic terminals, is a component of intraneuronal or glial inclusions observed in cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although alpha-synuclein is a natively unfolded protein, fibrillization or conformational change(s) of alpha-synuclein is central to the pathogenesis of alpha-synucleinopathies. The amino-terminal region of alpha-synuclein consists of seven imperfect repeats, each 11 amino acids in length, with the consensus sequence KTKEGV. The repeats partially overlap with a hydrophobic region (amino acids 61-95). The carboxy-terminal region (amino acids 96-140) is negatively charged. These antibodies are powerful tools for biochemical and IHC analyses of neurodegenerative diseases and for evaluation of conformational changes of alpha-synuclein.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 2,CAC-SU-IZ-P03

该蛋白由Kato和Torigoe(1977)从转移性宫颈鳞状细胞癌中分离出来。SCCA在正常鳞状上皮的浅层和中间层检测到，而mRNA在基底层和基下层检测到。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 2,CAC-SU-IZ-P03

鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCCA)是卵清蛋白家族丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的成员。该蛋白由Kato和Torigoe(1977)从转移性宫颈鳞状细胞癌中分离出来。SCCA在正常鳞状上皮的浅层和中间层检测到，而mRNA在基底层和基下层检测到。SCCA的临床意义是作为一种循环性鳞状细胞癌的肿瘤标志物，尤其是宫颈、头颈部、肺部和食道鳞状细胞癌。许多宫颈鳞状细胞癌的临床研究表明，SCCA循环水平升高的患者比例从0期的约12%增加到IV期的90%以上。肿瘤切除术后SCCA水平下降，在复发性疾病的患者中约90%升高。类似的趋势也发生在其他类型的鳞状细胞癌中，对肺部肿瘤的最大敏感性约为60%，对食道肿瘤的最大敏感性为50%，对头颈部肿瘤的最大敏感性为55%。中性形式的SCCA (SCCA1，或SERPINB3)在正常和一些恶性鳞状细胞的细胞质中被检测到，而酸性形式的SCCA2(或SERPINB4)主要在恶性细胞中表达，是癌症患者血浆中发现的主要形式。因此，SCCA酸性部分的出现与更具侵袭性的肿瘤相关(Schneider et al.， 1995)。Ray et al.(2005)指出，小鼠Serpinb3a，或Scca2，具有人SCCA1的半胱氨酸样丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制功能和人Scca2的胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制功能。因此，Scca2是人类SCCA1和Scca2的小鼠同源物。Ray等人(2005)发现，用鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)挑战子宫红蛋白(UGB，或SCGB1A1)敲除小鼠会导致Scca2的肺部表达升高，以及肺细胞因子Il4和Il13的水平升高，并加剧气道炎症。这些影响被重新引入重组Ugb抵消。用IL4或IL13处理培养的人支气管上皮细胞，通过转录因子STAT1和STAT6的磷酸化刺激SCCA1和SCCA2的表达。在酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂的存在下，SCCA1和SCCA2的表达没有被IL4或IL13上调。Ray et al.(2005)提出UGB通过下调IL4和IL13的信号，抑制SCCA1和SCCA2的表达来控制过敏性哮喘。抗Serpinb3a抗体是由纯化的大肠杆菌源重组小鼠Serpinb3a免疫获得的兔多克隆抗体。该抗体可用于Serpinb3a的免疫印迹和免疫染色检测。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 2 (SERPINB3A/SQN-5) pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-SU-IZ-P03

Application: IHC, WB, IF

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Mouse

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is a member of the ovalbumin family of serine proteinase inhibitors. The protein was isolated from a metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma by Kato and Torigoe (1977). SCCA is detected in the superficial and intermediate layers of normal squamous epithelium, whereas the mRNA is detected in the basal and sub-basal levels. The clinical import of SCCA has been as a circulating tumor marker for squamous cell carcinoma, especially those of the cervix, head and neck, lung, and esophagus. Many clinical studies of cervical squamous cell carcinoma show that the percentage of patients with elevated circulating levels of SCCA increases from approximately 12% at stage 0 to more than 90% at stage IV. Levels fall after tumor resection and rise in approximately 90% of the patients with recurrent disease. Similar trends occur in the other types of squamous cell carcinoma, with a maximum sensitivity of approximately 60% for lung, 50% for esophageal, and 55% for head and neck tumors. The neutral form of SCCA (SCCA1, or SERPINB3) is detected in the cytoplasm of normal and some malignant squamous cells, whereas the acidic form (SCCA2, or SERPINB4) is expressed primarily in malignant cells and is the major form found in the plasma of cancer patients. Thus, the appearance of the acidic fraction of SCCA is correlated with more aggressive tumors (summary by Schneider et al., 1995). Ray et al. (2005) stated that mouse Serpinb3a, or Scca2, exhibits the cysteine-like serine protease inhibitory function of human SCCA1 and the trypsin-like serine protease inhibitory function of human SCCA2. Thus, Scca2 is the mouse ortholog of both human SCCA1 and SCCA2. Ray et al. (2005) found that challenge of uteroglobin (UGB, or SCGB1A1)-knockout mice with chicken ovalbumin (OVA) resulted in elevated lung expression of Scca2, as well as elevated levels of the cytokines Il4 and Il13 in lung and exacerbated airway inflammation. These effects were countered by reintroduction of recombinant Ugb. Treatment of cultured human bronchial epithelial cells with IL4 or IL13 stimulated SCCA1 and SCCA2 expression via phosphorylation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT6. SCCA1 and SCCA2 expression was not upregulated by IL4 or IL13 in the presence of an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphorylation. Ray et al. (2005) proposed that UGB controls allergic asthma by downregulating signaling through IL4 and IL13 and inhibiting SCCA1 and SCCA2 expression. Anti-Serpinb3a antibody is a rabbit polyclonal antibody obtained from immunization with purified E. coli-derived recombinant mouse Serpinb3a. This antibody can be used for the detection of Serpinb3a by immunoblotting and immunostaining.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Plumbagin mAb (Clone 3A3),CAC-KYU-HT-M005

大多数药物都是小分子的。较大的结构，如核酸和蛋白质，以及许多多糖不是小分子，尽管它们的组成单体(分别为核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸、氨基酸和单糖)通常被认为是小分子。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Plumbagin mAb (Clone 3A3),CAC-KYU-HT-M005

在分子生物学和药理学领域，小分子是一种低分子量(< 900道尔顿)的有机化合物，可以调节生物过程，大小约为1nm。大多数药物都是小分子的。较大的结构，如核酸和蛋白质，以及许多多糖不是小分子，尽管它们的组成单体(分别为核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸、氨基酸和单糖)通常被认为是小分子。小分子可以作为探索生物功能的研究工具，也可以作为开发新型治疗剂的先导。有些可以抑制蛋白质的特定功能或破坏蛋白质之间的相互作用。

药理学通常将“小分子”一词限制为与特定生物大分子结合并作为效应剂，改变靶标活性或功能的分子。小分子可以有各种各样的生物学功能或应用，作为细胞信号分子，药物在医学，农药在农业，以及在许多其他角色。这些化合物可以是天然的(如次级代谢产物)或人工的(如抗病毒药物);它们可能对疾病有有益的作用(如药物)，也可能有害(如致畸物和致癌物)。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Plumbagin mAb (Clone 3A3),CAC-KYU-HT-M005

Application: ELISA

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ig-PG

Within the fields of molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule is a low molecular weight (< 900 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Most drugs are small molecules. Larger structures such as nucleic acids and proteins, and many polysaccharides are not small molecules, although their constituent monomers (ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides, respectively) are often considered small molecules. Small molecules may be used as research tools to probe biological function as well as leads in the development of new therapeutic agents. Some can inhibit a specific function of a protein or disrupt protein–protein interactions.

Pharmacology usually restricts the term “small molecule” to molecules that bind specific biological macromolecules and act as an effector, altering the activity or function of the target. Small molecules can have a variety of biological functions or applications, serving as cell signaling molecules, drugs in medicine, pesticides in farming, and in many other roles. These compounds can be natural (such as secondary metabolites) or artificial (such as antiviral drugs); they may have a beneficial effect against a disease (such as drugs) or may be detrimental (such as teratogens and carcinogens).

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Keratin,CAC-NU-01-KE8

其主要成分包括细胞内连接蛋白果胶和BPAG1，粘附受体整合素α6β4和胶原型BP180/XVII。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Keratin,CAC-NU-01-KE8

半糖粒是细胞与细胞外基质之间的黏附结构。它们在将中间纤维锚定在细胞外基膜上发挥作用。在结构上，半脂质体有两种形式:I型和II型。I型半脂质体发育于分层上皮，如表皮。其主要成分包括细胞内连接蛋白果胶和BPAG1，粘附受体整合素α6β4和胶原型BP180/XVII。II型半脂质体作为I型半脂质体的简化形式出现在血管、雪旺细胞和消化道上皮中，仅由果胶和整合素α6β4组成。半糖体粘附受体通常与基底膜上的层粘连蛋白5相关。此外，层粘连蛋白5(其中层粘连蛋白2是一个亚基)通过VII型胶原蛋白与真皮层中的胶原纤维相连。半脂糖体相关蛋白的遗传缺失导致各种形式的大疱性表皮松解症，突出了它们在促进表皮和基底膜之间粘附的重要性。

角蛋白8通常与角蛋白18二聚，在简单的单层上皮细胞中形成中间纤维。角蛋白8在维持细胞结构完整性、信号转导和细胞分化中发挥作用。该基因突变导致隐源性肝硬化。与角蛋白19一起，有助于在横纹肌的肋部连接收缩器官和肌营养不良蛋白。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Keratin, Type II Cytoskeletal 8 (Keratin-8) mAb (Clone RL273),CAC-NU-01-KE8

Application: IF, WB, IHC(f)

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: Rabbit, Human

Hemidesmosomes are adhesive structures between cells and the extracellular matrix. They play a role in anchoring intermediate fibers to the extracellular basement membrane. Structurally, hemidesmosomes occur in two forms: Type I and Type II. Type I hemidesmosomes develop in stratified epithelia such as the epidermis. Its main components include the intracellular linker proteins Plectin and BPAG1, the adhesion receptor integrin α6β4 and collagen type BP180/XVII. Type II hemidesmosomes occur in blood vessels, Schwann cells, and digestive tract epithelia as a simplified form of Type I hemidesmosomes, consisting only plectin and integrin α6β4. The hemidesmosomal adhesion receptor is normally associated with Laminin 5 in the basement membrane. Furthermore, Laminin 5 (of which Laminin gamma 2 is a subunit) is linked to collagen fibers in the dermis via type VII collagen. Genetic deletion of hemidesmosome-related proteins causes various forms of epidermolysis bullosa, highlighting their importance in promoting adhesion between the epidermis and the basement membrane.

Keratin 8 typically dimerizes with Keratin 18 to form an intermediate filament in simple single-layered epithelial cells. Keratin 8 plays a role in maintaining cellular structural integrity and also functions in signal transduction and cellular differentiation. Mutations in this gene cause cryptogenic cirrhosis.Together with Keratin 19, helps to link the contractile apparatus to dystrophin at the costameres of striated muscle.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,CAC-KMU-MA01

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,CAC-KMU-MA01,CD204又称巨噬细胞清道夫受体A类I/II型(MSR-A)或巨噬细胞清道夫受体I/II型(MSR1)，是巨噬细胞的主要受体之一，在许多巨噬细胞相关疾病中发挥重要作用。

CD204又称巨噬细胞清道夫受体A类I/II型(MSR-A)或巨噬细胞清道夫受体I/II型(MSR1)，是巨噬细胞的主要受体之一，在许多巨噬细胞相关疾病中发挥重要作用。CD204结合各种带负电荷的大分子，如修饰的低密度脂蛋白、岩藻糖聚糖、晚期糖基化终产物、变性胶原蛋白和细菌成分。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1 (MSR1/CD204) mAb (Clone SRA-E5),CAC-KMU-MA01

Application: FC, IHC(p), WB, IHC

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Gel Filtration, Ion-exchange Chromatography

Reactivity: Rabbit, Bovine, Mouse, Rat, Human, Monkey, Equine, Porcine, Dog, Cat, Guinea Pig, Hamster

CD204, also referred as macrophage scavenger receptor class A type I/II (MSR-A) or macrophage scavenger receptor type I/II (MSR1), is one of the major receptors of macrophages and plays important roles in many macrophage-related disorders. CD204 binds various negatively charged macromolecules, such as modified low-density lipoproteins, fucoidan, advanced glycation end-products, denatured collagen, and bacterial components.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,CAC-KYU-HT-M007

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,CAC-KYU-HT-M007,小分子可以作为探索生物功能的研究工具，也可以作为开发新型治疗剂的先导。有些可以抑制蛋白质的特定功能或破坏蛋白质之间的相互作用。

在分子生物学和药理学领域，小分子是一种低分子量(< 900道尔顿)的有机化合物，可以调节生物过程，大小约为1nm。大多数药物都是小分子的。较大的结构，如核酸和蛋白质，以及许多多糖不是小分子，尽管它们的组成单体(分别为核糖核苷酸或脱氧核糖核苷酸、氨基酸和单糖)通常被认为是小分子。小分子可以作为探索生物功能的研究工具，也可以作为开发新型治疗剂的先导。有些可以抑制蛋白质的特定功能或破坏蛋白质之间的相互作用。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,Anti 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid mAb (Clone 2C4),CAC-KYU-HT-M007

Anti 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid mAb (Clone 2C4),CAC-KYU-HT-M007

Application: ELISA

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ig-PG

Within the fields of molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule is a low molecular weight (< 900 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Most drugs are small molecules. Larger structures such as nucleic acids and proteins, and many polysaccharides are not small molecules, although their constituent monomers (ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides, respectively) are often considered small molecules. Small molecules may be used as research tools to probe biological function as well as leads in the development of new therapeutic agents. Some can inhibit a specific function of a protein or disrupt protein–protein interactions.

Pharmacology usually restricts the term “small molecule” to molecules that bind specific biological macromolecules and act as an effector, altering the activity or function of the target. Small molecules can have a variety of biological functions or applications, serving as cell signaling molecules, drugs in medicine, pesticides in farming, and in many other roles. These compounds can be natural (such as secondary metabolites) or artificial (such as antiviral drugs); they may have a beneficial effect against a disease (such as drugs) or may be detrimental (such as teratogens and carcinogens).

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a common herbicide.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,CAC-NIH-NA-02

CD8+ CTL在MHC I类分子的背景下识别内源性肽。这一识别过程也涉及CD8，它与MHC Ia类分子的α3结构域结合。Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,CAC-NIH-NA-02

Cosmo Bio抗体,Cosmo Bio,Anti Fish T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD8 Alpha Chain (CD8A) mAb (Clone 2C3),CAC-NIH-NA-02

T淋巴细胞的两个主要亚群，辅助性T细胞和细胞毒性T细胞，分别由CD4和CD8糖蛋白的表达来定义。T细胞共受体CD8以CD8α多肽链的同二聚体和CD8α和CD8β链的异二聚体形式存在于成熟T细胞上。表达CD8表面抗原的T细胞在对病毒感染或转化细胞的免疫监测中是特异性效应机制的重要组成部分，因此被称为细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(ctl)。CD8+ CTL在MHC I类分子的背景下识别内源性肽。这一识别过程也涉及CD8，它与MHC Ia类分子的α3结构域结合。该抗体针对银鱼抗原，允许流式细胞术和免疫荧光分析CD8α T细胞毒细胞从斑马鱼，金鱼和鲤类鱼鲤鱼。

Anti Fish T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD8 Alpha Chain (CD8A) mAb (Clone 2C3),CAC-NIH-NA-02

Application: FC, IHC

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Rat

Purification: Ig-PG

Reactivity: Goldfish, Carp, Zebrafish

The two major subsets of T lymphocytes, helper and cytotoxic T cells, are defined by expression of CD4 and CD8 glycoproteins, respectively. T cell coreceptor CD8 exists on mature T cells as homodimers of CD8α polypeptide chains and heterodimers of CD8α and CD8β chains. T cells expressing the CD8 surface antigens constitute an important component of the specific effector mechanism in immuno-surveillance against virus-infected or transformed cells and are thus termed cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). CD8+ CTL recognize endogenously derived peptides in the context of the MHC class I molecule. This recognition process also involves CD8 which binds to the α3-domain of the MHC class Ia molecule. This antibody, raised against antigens from Ginbuna carp, permits flow cytometric and immunofluorescence analysis of CD8α T cytotoxic cells from zebrafish, goldfish and the cyprinid fish carp.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Inhibin Alpha Chain pAb (Goat, Antiserum),CAC-KZ-HS-P05

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Inhibin Alpha Chain pAb (Goat, Antiserum),CAC-KZ-HS-P05,抑制素是一种产生于卵巢、睾丸和胎盘的内分泌激素。这种激素在人体内有多种功能，女性体内的抑制素水平与月经周期有关，并在胎儿发育中发挥作用。

抑制素是一种产生于卵巢、睾丸和胎盘的内分泌激素。这种激素在人体内有多种功能，女性体内的抑制素水平与月经周期有关，并在胎儿发育中发挥作用。另一种激素，激活素，在体内的作用与抑制素相反。在男性和女性中，这两种激素的水平往往会随着一些因素而波动，这些因素包括由自然生物过程、环境压力和其他因素引发的激素水平的变化。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Inhibin Alpha Chain pAb (Goat, Antiserum),CAC-KZ-HS-P05

Application: WB, IHC, RIA, Neutralization

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Goat

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Human, Bovine, Rat, Mouse, Sheep

Inhibin is an endocrine hormone produced in the ovaries, the testes and the placenta. This hormone has several functions in the body, with inhibin levels in women being linked to the menstrual cycle and playing a role in fetal development. Another hormone, activin, has an action in the body opposite to that of inhibin. Levels of these two hormones tend to fluctuate in both men and women in response to a number of cues which can include changes in hormone levels triggered by natural biological processes, environmental pressure, and other factors.

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-TNL-002-SH2

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-TNL-002-SH2,蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶是一组酶，从蛋白质上磷酸化的酪氨酸残基中去除磷酸基。蛋白酪氨酸(pTyr)磷酸化是一种常见的翻译后修饰，可以为蛋白质相互作用和细胞定位创造新的识别基元，影响蛋白质稳定性，并调节酶活性。

蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶是一组酶，从蛋白质上磷酸化的酪氨酸残基中去除磷酸基。蛋白酪氨酸(pTyr)磷酸化是一种常见的翻译后修饰，可以为蛋白质相互作用和细胞定位创造新的识别基元，影响蛋白质稳定性，并调节酶活性。因此，维持适当水平的蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸化是许多细胞功能所必需的。酪氨酸特异性蛋白磷酸酶(PTPase;EC 3.1.3.48)使用半胱氨酸-磷酸酶中间体催化去除附着在酪氨酸残基上的磷酸基。这些酶是信号转导通路(如MAP激酶通路)和细胞周期控制的关键调控成分，在控制细胞生长、增殖、分化、转化和突触可塑性方面具有重要意义。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 6 (SHP-1/PTPN6) Phospho-Tyr536 pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-TNL-002-SH2

Application: IP, IHC, WB

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Rat

Protein tyrosine phosphatases are a group of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. Protein tyrosine (pTyr) phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification that can create novel recognition motifs for protein interactions and cellular localization, affect protein stability, and regulate enzyme activity. As a consequence, maintaining an appropriate level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for many cellular functions. Tyrosine-specific protein phosphatases (PTPase; EC 3.1.3.48) catalyse the removal of a phosphate group attached to a tyrosine residue, using a cysteinyl-phosphate enzyme intermediate. These enzymes are key regulatory components in signal transduction pathways (such as the MAP kinase pathway) and cell cycle control, and are important in the control of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, transformation, and synaptic plasticity.

SHP1 belongs to the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which dephosphorylate phosphotyrosyl residues in proteins that are phosphorylated by protein tyrosine kinases. PTPs and protein tyrosine kinases function in a variety of cellular processes, from cell survival to proliferation, differentiation, migration, and immune responses. SHP1 (PTPN6) and SHP2 (PTPN11) are closely related non–receptor-type PTPs, each having two Src homology 2 domains N-terminal to the phosphatase catalytic domain (5–7). Although SHP2 is expressed ubiquitously, SHP1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cell lineages, and it has been implicated in the regulation of a diverse range of cytokine receptors, growth factor receptors, and immunoreceptors (5, 6, 8). SHP1 has been shown to associate with ITIMs in these receptors (5, 6) and has been proposed to bind to ITIM-like motifs in various kinases, including IL-1R–associated kinase 1, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, JAK2, JAK3, TAK1, IκB kinase α, and LYN (9, 10).

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 75-91) pAb,CAC-TIP-SN-P08

α -突触核蛋白是一种在突触前末端大量表达的140个氨基酸蛋白质，是帕金森病(PD)、路易体痴呆(DLB)和多系统萎缩(MSA)病例中观察到的神经元内或胶质包体的组成部分。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 75-91) pAb,CAC-TIP-SN-P08

阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病呈快速增长趋势，已成为严重的社会问题。近年来，肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)等顽固性神经系统疾病的致病基因被发现，为研究其发病机制开辟了新的途径。已有研究表明，特定蛋白质的聚集和积累导致神经毒性和病变的形成，但发病和进展机制尚不清楚。神经病理诊断和实验模型生物标志物是药物构建、药物发现和治疗发展所必需的。

α -突触核蛋白是一种在突触前末端大量表达的140个氨基酸蛋白质，是帕金森病(PD)、路易体痴呆(DLB)和多系统萎缩(MSA)病例中观察到的神经元内或胶质包体的组成部分。虽然α -突触核蛋白是一种天然的未折叠蛋白，但α -突触核蛋白的纤维化或构象变化对α -突触核蛋白病的发病机制至关重要。α -突触核蛋白的氨基末端区域由7个不完全重复序列组成，每个重复序列长度为11个氨基酸，一致序列为KTKEGV。重复序列部分重叠于疏水区域(氨基酸61-95)。羧基末端(96-140氨基酸)带负电荷。这些抗体是神经退行性疾病的生化和免疫组化分析以及α -突触核蛋白构象变化评估的有力工具。

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Alpha Synuclein (Amino Acids 75-91) pAb (Rabbit, Antiserum),CAC-TIP-SN-P08

Application: IHC, WB, ELISA

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Human, Mouse

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease have been increasing rapidly and have become a serious social problem. In recent years, new causative genes have been discovered for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other intractable neurological diseases opening new avenues for research on pathogenesis. It has been suggested that aggregation and accumulation of specific proteins cause neurotoxicity and the formation of lesions, but the onset and progression mechanisms are still unclear. Neuropathological diagnostic and experimental model biomarkers are needed for drug construction, drug discovery, and therapeutic development.

Alpha-Synuclein, a 140-amino acid protein abundantly expressed in presynaptic terminals, is a component of intraneuronal or glial inclusions observed in cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although alpha-synuclein is a natively unfolded protein, fibrillization or conformational change(s) of alpha-synuclein is central to the pathogenesis of alpha-synucleinopathies. The amino-terminal region of alpha-synuclein consists of seven imperfect repeats, each 11 amino acids in length, with the consensus sequence KTKEGV. The repeats partially overlap with a hydrophobic region (amino acids 61-95). The carboxy-terminal region (amino acids 96-140) is negatively charged. These antibodies are powerful tools for biochemical and IHC analyses of neurodegenerative diseases and for evaluation of conformational changes of alpha-synuclein.

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-KYU-TY-P01

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-KYU-TY-P01,ATG8是一个自噬相关基因，LC3的同源蛋白。ATG8通过ATG7和ATG3 e1类酶系统与磷脂酰乙醇胺结合在其COOH末端甘氨酸上。高等植物有多个ATG8同源体，包括拟南芥中的ATG8a-g和ATG8h-i两个亚科。

植物细胞程序性死亡(PCD)是植物发育和防御机制的重要组成部分。在动物中，不同类型的细胞死亡(凋亡、自噬和坏死)已在形态学上进行了区分，并在这些形态学术语中进行了讨论。PCD主要用于描述细胞凋亡和自噬的过程(尽管有些人将PCD和细胞凋亡互换使用)，而坏死通常被描述为一种混乱和不受控制的死亡模式。在植物中，PCD一词被广泛用于描述观察到的大多数死亡实例。目前，不同的研究小组正在研究大量的植物细胞培养模型和发育系统，从大量文献中所描述的可以清楚地看出，与动物一样，植物中似乎不只有一种类型的PCD。能够区分不同类型的细胞死亡是至关重要的，原因有几个。例如，很明显，在细胞培养系统中，不同小组研究“PCD”的时间窗口差异很大，这可能对数据的解释产生深远的影响，并使比较不同研究人员的数据的尝试复杂化。此外，不同类型的PCD可能有不同的监管机构和死亡方式。因此，在植物细胞培养中，已鉴定出一种凋亡样PCD (AL-PCD)，其速度相当快，并在细胞色素和其他凋亡蛋白释放4-6小时后产生明显的尸体形态。这种类型的形态，不同于自噬和坏死，也在植物发育的例子中观察到。

ATG8是一个自噬相关基因，LC3的同源蛋白。ATG8通过ATG7和ATG3 e1类酶系统与磷脂酰乙醇胺结合在其COOH末端甘氨酸上。高等植物有多个ATG8同源体，包括拟南芥中的ATG8a-g和ATG8h-i两个亚科。抗大豆ATG8i抗体可与植物ATG8i-和ATG8i相关蛋白交叉反应，但与植物ATG8a-g无交叉反应。

Cosmo Bio抗体,CAC-KYU-TY-P01

Application: IP, WB

Clonality: Polyclonal

Host: Rabbit

Purification: Serum

Reactivity: Soybean, Arabidopsis, Plant

Programmed cell death (PCD) in plants is a crucial component of development and defense mechanisms. In animals, different types of cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis) have been distinguished morphologically and discussed in these morphological terms. PCD is largely used to describe the processes of apoptosis and autophagy (although some use PCD and apoptosis interchangeably) while necrosis is generally described as a chaotic and uncontrolled mode of death. In plants, the term PCD is widely used to describe most instances of death observed. At present, there is a vast array of plant cell culture models and developmental systems being studied by different research groups and it is clear from what is described in this mass of literature that, as with animals, there does not appear to be just one type of PCD in plants. It is fundamentally important to be able to distinguish between different types of cell death for several reasons. For example, it is clear that, in cell culture systems, the window of time in which ‘PCD’ is studied by different groups varies hugely and this can have profound effects on the interpretation of data and complicates attempts to compare different researcher’s data. In addition, different types of PCD will probably have different regulators and modes of death. For this reason, in plant cell cultures an apoptotic-like PCD (AL-PCD) has been identified that is fairly rapid and results in a distinct corpse morphology which is visible 4–6 h after release of cytochrome and other apoptogenic proteins. This type of morphology, distinct from autophagy and from necrosis, has also been observed in examples of plant development.

ATG8 is an autophagy-related gene, a homolog protein of LC3. ATG8 is conjugated with phosphatidyl ethanol amine on its COOH terminal glycine via the ATG7 and ATG3 E1-like enzyme system. Higher plants have multiple ATG8 homologs comprising two subfamilies, ATG8a-g and ATG8h-i in Arabidopsis. Anti-soybean ATG8i antibody was raised against GST-fused GmATG8i and cross reacts with plant ATG8h- and ATG8i-related proteins, but not with plant ATG8a-g.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Chondroitin Sulfate A mAb (Clone 2H6),CAC-NU-07-001

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Chondroitin Sulfate A mAb (Clone 2H6),CAC-NU-07-001,该单克隆抗体有效识别硫酸软骨素A，特别是在发育中的中枢神经系统中出现的糖胺聚糖。

硫酸软骨素是蛋白质多糖的多糖部分，是细胞外基质的主要组成部分之一。它由重复单元[→4GlcA 1→3GalNAc 1→]组成，通常以GalNAc的C-4和/或C-6硫酸化。在中枢神经系统中，最丰富的糖胺聚糖是富含[GlcA-GalNAc(4S)]的硫酸软骨素(chondroitin sulfate)，即硫酸软骨素a。硫酸软骨素多糖参与神经网络的形成、再生和维持。该单克隆抗体有效识别硫酸软骨素A，特别是在发育中的中枢神经系统中出现的糖胺聚糖。

Application: IP, IHC(p), WB, IHC(f), ELISA

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ion-exchange Chromatography

Reactivity: All

Chondroitin sulfate, a polysaccharide moiety of proteoglycans, is one of the major components of the extracellular matrix. It is composed of the repeating unit, [→4GlcA 1→3GalNAc 1→], commonly sulfated at C-4 and/or C-6 of GalNAc. In the central nervous system, the most abundant glycosaminoglycan is chondroitin sulfate rich in [GlcA-GalNAc(4S)], namely chondroitin sulfate A. Chondroitin sulfate polysaccharides are involved in the formation, regeneration, and maintenance of the neural network. This monoclonal antibody effectively recognizes chondroitin sulfate A, especially in glycosaminoglycans occurring in the developing central nervous system.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti Versican/CSPG2 (VCAN) mAb (Clone 4C5),CAC-PRPG-VS-M02

Versican(又称PG-M)是一种由VCAN/CSPG2基因编码的大型细胞外基质硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖，广泛表达于包括脑ECM在内的人体间质基质中。Dick Heinegard和Anders Malmstrom的研究小组(1982年)首先在牛主动脉中描述了它，不久之后Koji Kimata的小组从鸡胚胎中分离出来。人类VCAN/CSPG2基因的克隆于1989年由Zimmermann和Ruoslahti完成，他们还将该蛋白命名为versican，以表彰其多功能的模块化结构。Versican属于凝集蛋白聚糖亚群，aggrecan、brevican和neurocan也属于该亚群，并共享n端(G1)球状结构域。它由类igg环和两个链接模块组成，负责与透明质酸的结合，透明质酸可能被链接蛋白进一步稳定，也可能不会。在高等脊椎动物中，已知至少有4种不同的、交替剪接的变种异构体(分别为V0、V1、V2和V3)，而在低等脊椎动物中，部分通过基因复制可能有额外的变种。这些异构体是通过区分利用中心核心蛋白区域(GAG-α和GAG-β)而产生的，并包含糖胺聚糖(硫酸软骨素)附着位点。V0亚型是包含上述GAG-attachment外显子的亲本亚型;V1亚型只有GAG-β结构域;V2亚型只有GAG-α结构域;V3亚型不含任何GAG附着结构域，因此是一种无GAG的蛋白聚糖。这意味着异位异构体核心蛋白的分子质量范围为50-550 kDa，当考虑到异位异构体核心蛋白的广泛糖基化时，不同异构体的分子量从约60 kDa到1500 – 2000 kDa不等。c端(G3)球状结构域由一个或两个EGF重复序列、一个c型凝集素模块和补体调节蛋白(CRP)样结构域组成。在ECM中，c端结构域与多种配体结合，从而形成了verican的大分子结构。verican在弹性基质ECM组装、细胞粘附、细胞迁移和细胞增殖中的作用已被广泛描述，其在胚胎发育中的重要作用已被CSPG2基因缺失纯合子小鼠胚胎的早期致死证实。与其他大型蛋白聚糖一样，维甘醇由多个基质蛋白酶和adamts加工，其基质沉积在退行性疾病和癌症中可能被强烈下调或上调。在某些肿瘤中，其表达模式被认为具有预后价值。

Application: ELISA, IHC(f), WB

Clonality: Monoclonal

Host: Mouse

Purification: Supernatant

Reactivity: Human, Bovine

Versican (also known as PG-M), encoded by the VCAN/CSPG2 gene, is a large extracellular matrix chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan ubiquitously expressed in interstitial matrices of the human body, including brain ECM. It was first described in the bovine aorta by the research groups of Dick Heinegard and Anders Malmstrom’s groups (1982) and shortly after isolated from the chick embryo by Koji Kimata’s group. Cloning of the human VCAN/CSPG2 gene was accomplished in 1989 by Zimmermann and Ruoslahti, who also named the protein as versican in recognition of its versatile modular structure. Versican belongs to the lectican proteoglycan subgroup, to which aggrecan, brevican and neurocan also belong and share the N-terminal (G1) globular domain. This consists of Ig-like loops and two link modules and is responsible for the binding to hyaluronan, which may or may not be further stabilized by link proteins. At least 4 different alternatively spliced versican isoforms are known in higher vertebrates (denoted V0, V1, V2 and V3) while lower vertebrates may have additional ones in part by duplication of the gene. These isoforms are generated through differential utilization of the central core protein regions denoted GAG-α and GAG-β and encompass glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin sulfate) attachment sites. The V0 isoform is the parental one containing both the above “GAG-attachment” exons; the V1 isoform has only the GAG-β domain; the V2 isoform has only the GAG-α domain; and the V3 isoform is void of any GAG attachment domains, and is therefore a GAG-free proteoglycan. This implies that the versican isoform core proteins have a molecular mass range of 50-550 kDa and, when taking also into consideration the extensive glycosylation of the versican core protein, the molecular weights of the different isoforms vary from about 60 kDa to 1,500-2,000 kDa. The C-terminal (G3) globular domain consists of one or two EGF repeats, a C-type lectin module and complement regulatory protein (CRP)-like domain. The C-terminal domain binds a variety of ligands in the ECM and thereby contributes to the macromolecular organization of versican. The role of versican in ECM assembly of elastic matrices, cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell proliferation has been extensively described and its essential role during embryonic development is confirmed by early lethality of murine embryos homozygous for CSPG2 gene deletion. Like other large proteoglycans, versican is processed by multiple MMPs and ADAMTSs and its matrix deposition may be strongly down- or up-regulated in degenerative diseases and cancer. In some tumors its expression pattern has been proposed to have a prognostic value.

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti CD81 Antigen (TAPA-1/Tspan-28) mAb (Clone 12C4, Biotin Labeled),CAC-SHI-EXO-M03-B

CD81 (TAPA-1)是一种细胞表面蛋白，属于四跨蛋白超家族。CD81被确定为B淋巴细胞受体(BCR)的组成部分和丙型肝炎病毒的受体。重要的是，它存在于外泌体表面。Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti CD81 Antigen,CAC-SHI-EXO-M03-B

Cosmo Bio抗体,Anti CD81 Antigen (TAPA-1/Tspan-28) mAb (Clone 12C4, Biotin Labeled),CAC-SHI-EXO-M03-B

CD81 (TAPA-1)是一种细胞表面蛋白，属于四跨蛋白超家族。CD81被确定为B淋巴细胞受体(BCR)的组成部分和丙型肝炎病毒的受体。重要的是，它存在于外泌体表面。

外泌体是由脂质双分子层膜包围的细胞来源的囊泡，直径为50 – 150nm。它们由培养的细胞分泌，并在唾液、血液、尿液、羊水、恶性腹水等体液中观察到。最近的研究表明，外泌体含有各种蛋白质和rna，这表明外泌体在细胞之间的信息传递中起着重要作用。

该单克隆抗体可用于从血清和培养上清中免疫沉淀外泌体。

Application: IP, WB

Clonality: Monoclonal

Conjugation: Biotin

Host: Mouse

Purification: Ig-PG

Reactivity: Human

CD81 (TAPA-1) is a cell surface protein which belongs to the tetraspanin superfamily. CD81 is identified as a component of the B lymphocyte receptor (BCR) and as a receptor for the Hepatitis C Virus. Importantly, it is found on the surface of exosomes.

Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and exhibiting a diameter of 50 to 150 nm. They are secreted from cultured cells and are observed in body fluids such as saliva, blood, urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascites. Recent studies indicate that exosomes contain various proteins and RNAs, suggesting a role in information transfer between cells.

This monoclonal antibody can be used to immunoprecipitate exosomes from serum and culture supernatants.