ProSpec-TNF alpha human/CYT-223,Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Human Recombinant

TNF-alpha, Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 2, TNF-a, Cachectin, DIF, TNFA, TNFSF2.

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages.
TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF’s primary role is in the regulation of immune cells.
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, INS resistance, and cancer.

肿瘤坏死因子是一种参与全身炎症的细胞因子，是所有刺激急性期反应的一组细胞因子中的一员。 TNF主要由巨噬细胞分泌。
TNF导致凋亡细胞死亡、细胞增殖、分化、炎症、肿瘤发生和病毒复制，TNF还参与脂质代谢和凝血。 TNF的主要作用是调节免疫细胞。
失调，特别是 TNF 的过度产生与多种人类疾病有关——自身免疫性疾病、INS 抗性和癌症。

Tumor Necrosis Factor-a Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 158 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 17.5kDa.
The TNF-alpha is purified by standard chromatographic techniques.

在大肠杆菌中产生的肿瘤坏死因子-a 人重组体是一种单一的、非糖基化的多肽链，含有 158 个氨基酸，分子量为 17.5kDa。
TNF-α通过标准色谱技术纯化。

Escherichia Coli.

Sterile Filtered White lyophilized powder.

TNF-a Human was lyophilized from a concentrated 1mg/ml solution containing 20mM PB, pH-7.2, and 100mM NaCl.

It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.

建议在不低于 100µg/ml 的无菌 18MΩ-cm H2O 中复溶冻干的肿瘤坏死因子-α，然后可以进一步稀释成其他水溶液。

Lyophilized Tumor Necrosis Factor-a although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18°C. Upon reconstitution TNF-a should be stored at 4°C between 2-7 days and for future use below -18°C.
For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein .
Please prevent freeze-thaw cycles.

冻干的肿瘤坏死因子-a 虽然在室温下可稳定保存 3 周，但应在 -18°C 以下干燥储存。 重组后的 TNF-a 应在 4°C 下储存 2-7 天，以备将来在 -18°C 以下使用。
对于长期储存，建议添加载体蛋白。
请防止冻融循环。

Greater than 95.0% as determined by:
Analysis by RP-HPLC.
Analysis by -PAGE.

MVRSSSRTPS DKPVAHVVAN PQAEGQLQWL NRRANALLAN GVELRDNQLV VPSEGLYLIY SQVLFKGQGC PSTHVLLTHT ISRIAVSYQT KVNLLSAIKS PCQRETPEGA E AKPWYEPIY LGGVFQLEKG DRLSAEINRP DYLDFAESGQ VYFGIIAL.

The Specific Activity is >5.0×10⁷ IU/mg as determined by the cytolysis of murine L929 cells in the presence of Actinomycin D.

Prospec’s products are furnished for LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. The product may not be used as drugs, agricultural or pesticidal products, food additives or household chemicals.

Tnf-alpha stands for tumour necrosis factor, and it is a cell signalling protein found in the human body. Part of systemic inflammation, it is just one of the cytokines that trigger the acute phase reaction. These proteins with plasma concentrations decrease or increase in response to inflammation.

Tnf-alpha代表肿瘤坏死因子，是一种存在于人体内的细胞信号蛋白。 全身炎症的一部分，它只是引发急性期反应的细胞因子之一。 这些具有血浆浓度的蛋白质响应炎症而降低或增加。

Mechanisms
Tnf-alpha is typically produced by macrophages being activated. A type of white blood cell, these calls digest cellular debris and cancer cells or really any type of protein that doesn’t have surface healthy body cells. However, it is possible that it can be produced through other cell types includes NK cells, eosinophils, neurons, lymphocytes as well as various others.

机制
Tnf-alpha 通常由巨噬细胞被激活产生。 一种白细胞，这些调用消化细胞碎片和癌细胞，或者实际上是任何没有表面健康体细胞的蛋白质。 然而，它有可能通过其他细胞类型产生，包括 NK 细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、神经元、淋巴细胞以及各种其他细胞。

 

Function
The main function of Tnf-alpha is to regulate immune cells in the body. Because it is endogenous pyrogen, the protein is able to induce everything from inflammation to apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the protein can also prevent tumorigenesis and respond to sepsis. It does this through IL1 and IL6 producing cells. Various human diseases have been associated with or connected to the dysregulation of Tnf production. Some of these diseases include, Alzheimer’s, cancer, depression and IBD. Furthermore, Tnf can be created ectopically, in the presence of a malignant parathyroid hormone, particularly in cancers where there is typically an increased level of production.

Tnf-alpha的主要功能是调节体内的免疫细胞。 因为它是内源性热原，蛋白质能够诱导从炎症到细胞凋亡的一切。 此外，该蛋白质还可以预防肿瘤发生并对败血症作出反应。 它通过产生 IL1 和 IL6 的细胞来做到这一点。 多种人类疾病与肿瘤坏死因子产生的失调有关或相关。 其中一些疾病包括阿尔茨海默氏症、癌症、抑郁症和 IBD。 此外，在存在恶性甲状旁腺激素的情况下，可以异位产生 Tnf，特别是在通常产生水平增加的癌症中。

Interaction
TNF has various actions on different organ systems. For instance, on the liver, it stimulates the acute phase response and this leads to additional development of C-reactive protein as well as other mediators. Furthermore, it also provides INS resistance and it does this by triggering serine-phosphorylation of IRS-1. This negatively impacts INS signalling.
In the hypothalamus, TNF-alpha has been shown to both suppress appetite and trigger a fever.
Tnf-alpha has been studied and shown to interact with TNFRSF1A. This is a ubiquitous membrane receptor that can bind tumor necrosis factor alpha. This can also function as a regulator of levels of inflammation.
Studies have also shown interactions between IL-5 and Tnf-a genotypes that are associated with bacteremia present in patients with myeloma. The transplantation of stem cells impacts patients level of risk to infections due to changes to their immune system. Increased levels of TNF-a impact the immune response and an interaction analysis has shown that there was an interaction between the two. Further research has also shown that interactions between IL-10 and TNF-A are able to regulate prostaglandin E2 production and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human choriodecidual cytokine.

TNF对不同的器官系统有不同的作用。例如，在肝脏上，它会刺激急性期反应，这会导致 C 反应蛋白和其他介质的额外发展。此外，它还提供 INS 抗性，它通过触发 IRS-1 的丝氨酸磷酸化来实现这一点。这会对 INS 信令产生负面影响。
在下丘脑中，TNF-α 已被证明可以抑制食欲并引发发烧。
TNF-alpha 已被研究并显示与 TNFRSF1A 相互作用。这是一种普遍存在的膜受体，可以结合肿瘤坏死因子α。这也可以作为炎症水平的调节剂。
研究还表明，IL-5 和 Tnf-a 基因型之间的相互作用与骨髓瘤患者的菌血症有关。由于免疫系统的变化，干细胞移植会影响患者感染风险的水平。增加的 TNF-a 水平会影响免疫反应，相互作用分析表明两者之间存在相互作用。进一步的研究还表明，IL-10 和 TNF-A 之间的相互作用能够调节前列腺素 E2 的产生和脂多糖刺激的人绒毛膜细胞因子。

 

Structure
TNF is primarily produced as a 233-amino acid long type II transmembrane protein. It is arranged in stable homotetramers. From this, the homotrimeric cytokine is released by the TNF alpha converting enzyme. This tends to disassociate at certain concentrations, usually those below the nanomolar range, making them lose their bioactivity. The human form of TNF-alpha is a triangle shape and is roughly 17-kd in weight.
Research is ongoing exploring the full impact of TNF-alpha on the human body including its effect on various psychological and physical conditions. Thus far, anti-TNF therapy has provided only a low impact as a form of cancer therapy.

TNF 主要作为 233 个氨基酸长的 II 型跨膜蛋白产生。 它以稳定的同源四聚体排列。 由此，同源三聚体细胞因子被 TNF α 转化酶释放。 这往往会在某些浓度下解离，通常是那些低于纳摩尔范围的浓度，使它们失去生物活性。 人类形式的 TNF-α 呈三角形，重约 17 kd。
正在进行研究以探索 TNF-α 对人体的全面影响，包括其对各种心理和身体状况的影响。 到目前为止，抗 TNF 疗法作为癌症疗法的一种形式仅提供了很小的影响。